We Wear the Mask Essay -- Literary Analysis, Paul Laurence Dunbar

William Shakespeare once proclaimed that the past is prologue. Are we really bound by history? Is our present a mere continuance, a monomorphic continuation if you will, of the novel that is our existence, or can it be developed in a bifurcated fashion? Paul Lawrence Dunbar, prominently noned as the Poet Laureate of the total darkness Race (p 905) is a prime example of how the past can be depicted in a multifold manner. His two works We carry the Mask and An Ante-Bellum treatment illustrate the double-consciousness that Dunbar was most notorious for. It must be noted, however, that these two works, despite differing in forms of dialect, are conflations of one source, through an intrinsic connection. One will on the face of it see both the apparent polarity and hidden exemplification associated with the implementation of duality within the aforementioned poems. Dunbars susceptibility to conflate the standard English write and the Negro dialect not only enables him to illu strate yesterdays hardships but also tomorrows promises, in which each poem in itself epitomizes the properties of bifurcation through juxtaposition and exemplification.To exemplify, Dunbars poem We Wear the Mask utilizes the standard English verse to shed light on the hidden tears and sighs (p 918,1) of African Americans, particularly slaves. As one maneuvers through the poem, he/she will notice a transition of thought, not necessarily of time. In other words, the time frame does not shift throughout the poem. The past is not a date or a mark on a timeline, it is the previously held belief of the speaker. What shifts is the speakers perspective of the mask. He transitions from mourning the conditions of those wearing it(past view), to perhaps noting its benefits( ... ...s. We deem seen, through the two works analyzed above, how the incorporation and recognition of the pastboth in terms of time(Biblical and Antebellum) and thought depicted a metamorphosis within the Negro slave an d his ability to transcend this institution of imprisonment. Du Bois, who coined the term double-consciousness, used it to label persons whose identities were multifaceted in nature. Of course we see Dunbars use of two forms of verse as fitting pieces to the scotch that is double-consciousness, but, we have yet to realize that we have not found all the pieces. The other pieces lie in the speakers within each poem, as exemplified in this essay. The displacement of perception, initiated and propelled by the acknowledgement of the past(in multiple forms), can certainly be at the crux of the double-consciousness that defines Paul Laurence Dunbar.

Surviving Technology Essay -- Technological Internet Computers Essays

Surviving TechnologyComputers, cyberspace, electronics are all apart of technology. Businesses are being buffeted by an increasingly rapid rate of change. There are refreshed products, new regulations new customers and new technology in almost every industry. Part of that new technology is distance learning. More and more of adults are taken advantage of it. It is very convient for that working adult with spouse and kids or the adult going top to school. However some adults are not as savvy with the Internet or computer. Both items are essential in order to become a distance-learning student. Therefore I have created a student survival guide that would be useful for a new online student.Conducting Successful Library and Internet SearchesThe Internet provides access to a wealth of discipline on countless topics contri unlessed by people throughout the world. A user has access to a wide chassis of services and access protocols. These protocols such as http and e-mail allow users t o search and retrieve material.The Internet is not a library in which items can be retrieved by a single catalog. No one knows how many files reside on the internet. The number runs into a few billion and is growing at a rapid pace. When As if you were traveling from place to place in the real world you have to in a virtual environment. Look for every incoming to a topic and every potential door that may lay hidden behind that room with no apparent end. Therefore, it may seem daunting, but it is nothing more than changing the way you view your particular topic from a antithetical perspective, or angle. It may be as simple as looking for the opposite or slightly off the topic in order to find the major you are looking for. Another good file name extension for researching the Internet is http//www.aresearchguide.com/ or A Research Guide for Students by I. Lee, he gives a lot of good information and places to start. There are many different ways to search for information on the inte rnet. Ultimately looking at a topic from many different points of view, can help you find the information you are looking for. The Internet is a very large set of computers. In a matter of moments, you can gather information that is been posted from rough the world. As you view this information, everything you see becomes obsolete because the Internet is growing as fast as our humanity can create new ways to... ... be. I am determined to obtain my degree so that I will not have to be on my feet for my entire shift. I want more, for me and for my family. The solitary(prenominal) way to accomplish these goals is to do the best I can and complete school.Works CitedAckermann, E. (2005). Directories and virtual libraries. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/search/search-web04.html.Ackermann, E. (2005). Evaluating information found on the world wide web. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/search/search-web1 2.html.Ackermann, E. (2005). Search strategies for search engines. Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Webliminal Web site http//www.webliminal.com/search/search-web05.html.Getting started with research in the university library. (2005). Retrieved May. 24, 2005, from Western foreign University Library Web site http//www.apollolibrary.com/Library/library.aspx?bc=1.Kennedy, X., Kennedy, D., Muth, M., & Holladay, S. (2005). The bedford guide for college writers. 7th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins.Carter, C., Bishop, J., & Kravits, S. (2002). Keys to college studying. Columbus, OH Prentice Hall.

American Society Needs Affirmative Action Essay examples -- argumentat

American Society Needs unconditional Action affirmative achievement has been the subject of increasing see and tension in American society. However, the debate over affirmative action has become ensnared in rhetoric that pits equality of opportunity against the equality of results. The debate has been more emotional than intellectual, and has generated more tension than miss light on the issue. Participants in the debate have over examined the ethical and moral issues that affirmative action raises while forgetting to scrutinize the system that has created the need for them. similarly often, affirmative action is looked upon as the panacea for a nation once ill with, but now cured of, the virulent disease of racial discrimination. Affirmative action is, and should be seen as, a temporary, partial, and perhaps even flawed remedy for past and continuing discrimination against historically marginalized and disenfranchised groups in American society. workings as it shou ld, it affords groups greater equality of opportunity in a social context marked by substantial inequalities and structural forces that impede a passably assessment of their capabilities. In this essay I will expose what I see as the shortcomings of the current ethical attacks on affirmative action (1), the primary(prenominal) one being, that these attacks are devoid of proper historical context and shrouded in white male hegemony and allow. Then, I will discuss the moral and ethical issues raised(a) by continuing to function within a system that systematically disadvantages historically marginalized groups. With that as a backdrop, I will make a positive case for continuing affirmative action programs and discuss the practic... ...ainly valid, qualifications to the table that are not recognized under our current system of merit. Notes1. While it is true that Affirmative action programs address the concerns of a wide range of Americans who confront discrimination, the deb ate is often understood to be about race and specifically Black Americans. For that background the emphasis of my essay will be on affirmative action programs that involve Black Americans.2. Since I have narrowed my discussion of Affirmative action to that bestowed to a specific racial group, it is imperative that I give my understanding of what race is. I am writing this essay with the understanding that race is not an immutable biological category or characteristic but rather a social construction. In America, race was constructed and employed to preserve white privilege while simultaneously oppressing Blacks.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers unsoundnessWhat is Alzheimers Disease? The most common form of dementing infirmity,Alzheimers Disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disease that attacks the reason, causing impaired memory, thinking and behavior. The person with AD mayexperience confusion, personality and behavior changes, impaired judgment, anddifficulty finding words, finishing thoughts or following directions. Iteventually leaves its victims incapable of caring for themselves.What happens to the brain in Alzheimers Disease? In AD The nerve cellsin the part of the brain that controls memory, thinking, are damaged,interrupting the passage of messages between cells. The cells developdistinctive changes that are called neuritic plaques (clusters of degeneratingnerve cell ends) and neurofibrillary tangles (masses of twisted filaments whichaccumulate in previously health nerve cells). The lens cortex (thinking center) ofthe brain shrinks (atrophies), The spaces in the center of the brain becomeenla rged, also reducing surface area in the brain.What are the symptoms of Alzheimers Disease? Alzheimers Disease is adementing illness which leads to loss of intellectual capacity. Symptoms usuallyoccur in older adults (although people in their 40s and 5Os may also beaffected) and include loss of language skills such(prenominal) as trouble finding words,problems with abstract thinking, poor or decreased judgment, disori...

Colonialism and Dependence Essay -- essays research papers

Colonialism and DependenceIn "Imperialism, the Highest State of Capitalism", Lenin warned, inrefuting Kautsky, that the domination of finance capital not onlydoes not lessen the inequalities and contradictions pose in theworld economy, but on the contrary ac centuates them.Time has passed and proven him right. The inequalities work becomesharper. Historical research has shown that the distance that separatedthe standard of subsisting in the wealthy countries from that of the poorcountries toward the middle of the nineteenth century was much smallerthan the distance that separates them today.The gap has widened. In 1850 the per capita income in the industrializedcountries was 50 per cent higher than in the underdeveloped countries.To have an idea of the march on that has been achieved in theDEVELOPMENT OF INEQUALITY, we have only to listen to President RichardNixon"...and I think around what this hemisphere, the new world, will be likeat the end of this century. And I consider that if the present growthrates of the United States and the rest of the hemisphere have notchanged, at the end of this century the per capita income in the UnitedStates will be 15 times higher than the income per person of ourfriends, our neighbors, the members of our family in the rest of theHemisphere."(1)The laden nations will have to grow much more rapidly just toMAINTAIN their relative backwardness. Their present low rates ofdevelopment feed the kinetic of inequality the oppressor nations atomic number 18becoming increasingly rich in absolute terms, but they are richer stillin relative terms.The overall strength of the imperialist establishment rests on the necessaryinequality of its component parts, and that inequality is achieving evergreater proportions.Capitalism is still capitalism, and unequal development and widespreadpoverty are still its visible fruits."Centralized" capitalism can afford the luxury of creating and believingits own myths of op ulence, but myths cannot be eaten, and the poornations that constitute the vast capitalist "periphery" are well awareof this fact. Imperialism has "modernized" itself in its methods andcharacteristics, but it has not magically turned into a universalphilanthropic organisation. The systems greed grows with the systemitself.Nowadays imperialism does not req... ... the consumer market, which is increasingly attracted byU.S. advertising, to channel national savings and the sparing surplusproduced by our countries, to use advertising and the various other ship canalof creating public opinion, and, also, to exert that political pressurerequired by imperialisms digestive needs.The new type of imperialism does not make its colonies more prosperous,even though it enriches its "enclaves" it does not alleviate socialtensions, but on the contrary sharpens them it extends poverty andconcentrates wealth it takes over the internal market and the key partsof the productiv e apparatus it appropriates progress for itself,determines its direction, and fixes its limits it absorbs credit anddirects foreign trade as it pleases it does not provide capital fordevelopment, but instead removes it it encourages waste by sending thegreatest part of the economic surplus abroad it denationalizes ourindustry and also the profits that our industry produces. Today in LatinAmerica the system has our veins as open as it did in those distanttimes when our blood first served the needs of primary accumulation forEuropean capitalist development.

Metals and Water Essay example -- Iron, steel, Corrosion, Alkalinity

Certain metals could be affected by the pH of water. This, however, could reflect on literal life situations that could affect us, the environment, and also our pipe system as well. Some metals such as iron and steel oxidize when they are exposed to humidness and water thus forming eating away known as ferric oxides (Roy, 2009). Corrosion has destructive potential if left untreated (Stahl, 2005). Knowing what metals are prone to corrosion is an important issue to take notice astir(predicate) because corrosion happens all around us including possessions that belong to us. It is necessary for industrialized cities to estimate the cost of such devastating nature of corrosion (Newman, 1994). Much of money are spend each year to replace equipment that are corroded, in the United States alone, corrosion causes about $276 billion each year. By using specific metals or methods such as alloying, metallic coating or organic coating can veto or minimizing corrosion (Drigel, 2008). A spe cific type of corrosion is rust. Rusts are produced when iron converts to Fe 2+ ions and subsequently reacts with hydroxide ions within the water (Roy, 2009 and N/A, 2006). The physical characteristics of rust are coating of powder, scaly reddish-brown and reddish-yellow hydrated ferric oxides (Roy, 2009). The types of corrosion can be used in evaluating the performance of engineered structures (A source to reduce rust, 2006). Metals are easily corroded in the sea because the salt makes the water a better conductor from the electrochemical cells (N/A, 2006). The ever-changing pH of the sea due to planktic forminiferal abundance and other variables (Saraswat, 2007), and this could affect the rate of corrosion in metals. The pH is a measurement of the acidity or alkal... ...ltimately save many problems and wellness risks. It is important to note which metals to use to prevent corrosion because some may post health risks such as Chromium. Prolonged contact with Chromium may lead to lung cancer, ulcers, liver necrosis, and allergic dermatitis, so improper metals used in water distribution system could lead to a high extension in terms of risks because it could also affect the ocean and the wild lives (Chandra and Kulshreshtha, 2004). The world is changing and new technologies are emerging. Some of these technologies include micro-sized chips that are able to run a computer, and if corrosion is one of the problems, then it will post many more complications. Humans rely on technologies and equipment that are sometimes created with metals and they sometimes fail obviously because they are exposed to salt water or high humidity (N/A, 2006).

Metals and Water Essay example -- Iron, steel, Corrosion, Alkalinity

Certain metals could be affected by the pH of water. This, however, could reflect on real life situations that could affect us, the environment, and also our pipe system as well. Some metals such as iron and steel oxidize when they are exposed to humidity and water thus forming eating away known as ferrous oxides (Roy, 2009). Corrosion has destructive potential if left untreated (Stahl, 2005). Knowing what metals are prone to eroding is an important issue to take notice about because eating away happens all around us including possessions that belong to us. It is necessary for industrialized cities to estimate the cost of such devastating nature of corrosion (Newman, 1994). Much of money are spend each year to replace equipment that are corroded, in the United States alone, corrosion causes about $276 billion each year. By using specific metals or methods such as alloying, metallic coating or organic coating can prevent or minimizing corrosion (Drigel, 2008). A specific type o f corrosion is rust. Rusts are produced when iron converts to Fe 2+ ions and subsequently reacts with hydroxide ions within the water (Roy, 2009 and N/A, 2006). The physical characteristics of rust are coating of powder, scaly mahogany-red and reddish-yellow hydrated ferric oxides (Roy, 2009). The types of corrosion can be use in evaluating the performance of engineered structures (A reservoir to reduce rust, 2006). Metals are easily corroded in the ocean because the salt makes the water a better conductor from the electrochemical cells (N/A, 2006). The ever-changing pH of the ocean due to planktic forminiferal abundance and other variables (Saraswat, 2007), and this could affect the rate of corrosion in metals. The pH is a measurement of the acidity or alkal... ...ltimately save galore(postnominal) problems and health risks. It is important to note which metals to use to prevent corrosion because virtually may post health risks such as Chromium. Prolonged contact with Chromium may lead to lung cancer, ulcers, liver necrosis, and allergic dermatitis, so improper metals used in water distribution system could lead to a soaring extension in terms of risks because it could also affect the ocean and the wild lives (Chandra and Kulshreshtha, 2004). The knowledge domain is changing and new technologies are emerging. Some of these technologies include micro-sized chips that are able to run a computer, and if corrosion is one of the problems, then it will post many more complications. Humans rely on technologies and equipment that are sometimes created with metals and they sometimes fail simply because they are exposed to salt water or high humidity (N/A, 2006).

Machiavelli: Realism over Idealism

Luke Pelagio Due 5/27/2011 Period 4 Machiavelli Realism Over Idealism Nicolo Machiavelli is known as being an archetypical realist in other words, he was someone who originated the idea that we should not try to figure out how people should be, but rather sustain and deal with the world as it literally is. Unlike Machiavelli, Plato posited an idealist view of a philosopher king reigning through virtue. To Machiavelli, this is an extremely dangerous delusion for it ignores what he considers the reality of the human condition humans be brutal, selfish, and fickle (Machiavelli and Power Politics).You dont need a philosopher king to secure off enemies and honor order/stability on the other hand, you need a prince or a leader who understands what it takes to lead. It is damp to be feargond than loved if you firet be both. Nevertheless a prince ought to inspire fear in such a way that, if he does not win love, he avoids hated because he can endure very well being feared whilst he not hated, which will always be as long as he abstains from the property of his citizens and subjects and from their women, (Machiavelli, The Prince).Machiavelli utilize force to get what he wanted, but he always kept his hands off the property of others. This is because men more quickly forget the close of their father than the loss of their patrimony (Machiavelli, The prince). In The Prince, Machiavelli demonstrates how to obtain and keep political former. This is what he did using witty tactics. 1 A prince must(prenominal) always compensate diligent attention to military circumstances if he wants to reside in power, so the most desirable and beneficial type of army are aborigine troops, composed of ones own citizens or subjects.The prince has many characteristics that are crucial to his standing in a society such as it is better to be stingy than generous, it is better to be cruel than merciful, it is better to break promises if keeping them would be against ones interests, and princes should choose wise advisors rather than flatterers. every(prenominal) these attributes are key to how well a Prince thrives (Public Bookshelf, The Prince). A prince must learn not to be limited to morality when unavoidable a leader has to be able to use lies, force and deception if required in the world. Whether it is better to be feared or loved clearly addresses the reason for this.You cant go for people, for they will turn on you. It is inevitable. Human nature means that doing what you must do at all costs according to any moral polity simply puts you at a disadvantage. In addition, humans are generally under agreement to throw out such moral concerns if it is to their advantage. Men make up less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is embarrassed at every opportunity for their advantage but fear preserves you by a d carry of punishment which never fails, (Machiavelli, The Prince).This quote perfectly demonstrates Machiavellian realism. First, it is a very opposing and adverse view on human nature. Second, it is realistic and logical. If, by any chance, you are a prince or a leader, and you do not understand the atrocious inherent in 2 men, you will fail. Those who are most ruthless will have power this is just reality. For my bug out I consider that it is better to be adventurous than cautious, because fortune is a woman, and if you wish to keep her under it is necessary to beat and ill-use her and it is seen that she allows herself to be get the hang by the adventurous rather than by those who go to work more coldly.She is, therefore, always, woman-like, a lover of young men, because they are less cautious, more violent, and with more boldness command her, (Machiavelli, The Prince). Machiavelli politics is definitely aimed toward the masculine side. It is power and control, so fortune is feminine and more anarchy. If not under control, it will be unstable and chaotic. His make for stretches far beyond Italy in the sixteenth century and lies with us today in how we think/understand the world of international relations.Everything I have read such as ideas about Plato, Aristotle, Thomas Hobbes, and Nicolo Machiavelli are all extremely important to my knowledge and insight about political concepts/background. I believe that to be educated one must have familiar knowledge with those who have shaped todays political society and government. Machiavellis ideas, in particular, are used everywhere today. oneness who has not been informed of Nicolo Machiavelli would be living in ignorance, for that individual would be clueless of how ideas today became what they are/how they are.When President Nixon form the Watergate Scandal in 1973, the public had 3 no inclination that their leader was capable of such corrupt and unscrupulous means. Nixon, under the impression that his campaign was vulnerable, manipulated for p ower in the only way he saw fitting, hoodwinking. Take a look at President Truman he dropped a bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki stretching casualties of 120,000. According to him, survival of the United States was so admonished that the use of such insignificant means was necessary.Even President Obama has his faults. The ideas of hope were what we, the people, needed to hear. It would allow us to be optimistic, and conquer a false sense of protection thinking that everything would work out. Barak Obama made many promises he said everything that we would ever want to hear. However, none of his promises have bring true. Maybe in extremely insufficient ways we are approaching the goals of what he promised. This is barely noticeable though. In conclusion, the tactics and ideas formed and created by Nicolo Machiavelli are ingenious.President Obama noticed that Machiavellis ideas work, and he used them to his advantage to help him become the President of the United States of America. La stly, I dont think that I could lie in in a Machiavellian-ruled/based society. While the Prince or ruler thrives, the people are lied to and dont have very much value. One thing is absolute, though Machiavellis ideas cant be ignored or discarded simply because we do not wish them to be true. We must accept the reality of everything, and do something positive for our country. 4

Cell Phone Addiction Essay

Wireless conference has emerged as one of the fastest diff utilise mediums on the planet, fueling an emergent meandering(a) youth culture that speaks as much with thumbs as it does with tongues. At one of our focus groups a teen boy gushed, I shake up unlimited texts . . . which is like the greatest invention of mankind. His enthusiasm was hardly unique. Cell gossip rearward physical exercise and, in particular, the hop on of texting has become a underlying part of teens lives. They be using their straits to stay in touch with friends and parents. They are using them to share stories and photos. They are using them to entertain themselves when they are bored.They are using them to micro-coordinate their schedules and face-to-face gatherings. And some are using their phones to go online to browse, to participate in genial networks, and check their emails. This is the sunny side of the story. Teens are too using mobile phones to cheat on tests and to skirt rules at school and with their parents. Some are using their phones to place sexts, others are sleeping with buzzing phones under their pillows, and some are using their phones to place calls and text while driving. While a small number of children get a kioskphone phone in elementary school, the hearty tipping point for ownership is in middle school.About six in ten (66%) of all children in our sample had a cell phone forward they turned 14. Slightly less than 75% of all high school students had a cell phone. This report particularly highlights the rapid rise of text message in recent months. Some 72% of all US teens are now text message callrs, up from 51% in 2006. Among them, the typical texter sends and receives 50 texts a day, or 1500 per month. By way of comparison a Korean, Danish or a Norwegian teen might send 15 20 a day and receives as many. Changes in subscription packages have encouraged widespread texting among US teens and has do them into world class texters.As a result, te ens in the States have integrated texting into their everyday routines. It is a way to keep in touch with peers even while they are engaged in other social activities. Often this is done discreetly and with little fuss. In other subject areas, it interrupts in-person encounters or can cause dangerous situations. To understand the role that cell phones calculate in teens lives, the Pew Research Centers Internet & American Life Project and Michigans Department of Communication Studies conducted a curriculum vitae and focus groups in the latter part of 2009.The phone survey was conducted on landline and cell phones and included 800 youth ages 12-17 and one of their parents. It was administered from June 26-September 24, 2009. The overall survey has a margin of error of 4 percentage points the portion dealing with teen cell owners involved 625 teens in the sample and has a margin of error of 4 percentage points the portion dealing with teen texters involved 552 teens in the sample an d has a margin of error of 5 percentage points. The idea for cellular phone originated in the US.The first cellular call and the first call from a hand held cellular device also were placed in the US. The cell phone merges the landline telephony system with wireless communication. The landline telephone was first patented in 1876. Mobile radio systems have been apply since the early 1900s in the form of ship to shore radio, and were installed in some police cars in Detroit starting in 1921. The blending of landline telephone and radio communication came after the Second World War.The first commercially available mobile radiophone service that allowed calls from fixed to mobile telephones was offered in St. Louis in 1946. By 1964 in that respect were 1. 5 million mobile phone users in the US. This was a non-cellular system that made relatively inefficient use of the radio bandwidth. In addition, the telephones were large, energy intense car-mounted devices. According to communica tions scholar Thomas Farley, the headlights of a car would noticeably dim when the user was transmitting a call.In the drive to produce a more efficient mobile telephone system, researchers W.Rae Young and Douglas Ring of Bell Labs developed the idea of cellular telephony, in which geographical areas are divided into a mesh of cells, each with its own cell tower. This allowed a far more efficient use of the radio spectrum and the cell phones needed less power to send and receive a signal. The first installation was in 1969 on the Amtrak Metroliner that traveled between New York City and Washington. Four years later Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first cellular call from a prototype handheld cell phone.After the inauguration of mobile phone service in the US, a restrictive environment that allowed multiple mobile-calling standards stifled mobile communication development and expansion in the US for several years. Indeed, the growth of the GSM standard in Europe and the rise of D oCoMo in Japan meant that the dramatic developments in the cell phone industry were taking place abroad. In the US, small license areas for mobile phone companies meant that users were constantly roaming outside their core area.A user in Denver would have to pay roaming charges if he or she made or received a call in Ft.Collins, Colorado Springs or Vail. To the degree that texting was available, users could only text to users in their home network. In the late 1980s industry consolidation eliminated the small local areas and by the turn of the millennium, interoperability between operators became standard, and the cost of calling plans and the price of handsets fell. Rather than being a yuppie accessory, the cell phone became widely-used by everyone from the captains of industry and finance to the heap who shined their shoes and walked their dogs.As cell phones have become more available, they are increasingly owned and used by children and teens. Further, as handsets become more peeved with capabilities ranging from video recording and sharing, to music playing and internet access, teens and young adults have an ever-increasing repertoire of use. Indeed, we are moving into an era when mobile devices are not incisively for talking and texting, but can also access the internet and all it has to offer. This connectivity with others and with content has directed the regulators lens onto mobile safety practices.It has also prompted the beginning of a cultural conversation about how to ensure that parents have the tools to regulate their childs mobile use, should they choose to. Understanding how youth use mobile phones is vital to creating effective policy based on the reality of how the technology is used. It is also important to understand how telecommunications company policies and pricing affect how teens and parents use their phones. This report tries to expand a tradition of cell phone research that extends into the early 1990s, and work on landline tele phony as far back as the 1970s.The first studies to examine the social consequences of the mobile phone came in the early 1990s when researchers examined its impact on residential markets. superstar of the earliest paper on cell phones examined it through the lens of gender in 1993, Lana Rakow and Vija Navarro wrote about the cell phone and what they called remote mothering. Starting in the mid 1990s in Europe there was the beginning of more extended scholarship on cellular communication, and by 2000 work was being done in the US that evolved from a small number of articles to edited books and eventually to both popular and more scholarly books on mobile communication.Several themes have been central in these analyses. One is the use of cell phones in the micro-coordination of daily interaction. As the name implies, this line of research examines how the cell phone allows for a more nuanced form of coordination. Instead of having to apply on a time and place beforehand, individu als can negotiate the location and the timing of meetings as a situation clarifies itself. Micro-coordination can be used to constitute get-togethers and it can be used to sort out the logistics of daily life (e. . sending reminders to one some other or exchanging information on the fly). Extending this concept further, the cell phone can be used to coordinate so called flash mobs as well as different kinds of protests. While micro-coordination describes an instrumental type of interaction, another line of research has examined how the cell phone can be used for expressive interaction. Since the device provides us direct access to one another, it allows us to discover ongoing interaction with family and friends.This, in turn provides the basis for the enhancement of social cohesion. In this vein, some researchers have examined how the cell phone affects our sense of safety and security. The cell phone can be used to summon help when accidents have happened and they can be seen as a type of insurance in case something bad occurs. Others have examined how teens, as well as others, see the mobile phone as a form of self-expression. Having a cell phone is a status symbol and having a particularly sought after model can enhance our standing among peers.Finally, focusing directly on teens, there has been hefty research on the role of the cell phone as part of the emancipation process. Up to this point, however, there has been little quantitative analysis of teens in the US on this topic. Indeed this is one of the main questions considered in this report. Before the cell phone, there were often discussions in the home as to whether a teen could have a landline extension in her room.Teens push to have their own landline phone underscored their drive to control contact with their peers. The rise of the cell phone has changed the dimensions of this discussion. The cell phone has provided teens with their own communication channel. This access can be used to plan and to organize daily life and it can be used to exchange jokes and endearments. It can also be used to plan mischief of varying caliber, and it can be used to exchange photos that are literally the evidence of innocence or of depravity.

Managing with the Brain in Mind

turn upline+business Managing with the mindset in Mind by David Rock from strategy+business issue 56, Autumn 2009 reprint number 09206 Reprint features finicky report 1 by David Rock Naomi Eisenberger, a leading companionable neuroscience Managing with the Brain in Mind researcher at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), wanted to understand what goes on in the judgment when wad sense of smell rejected by an some other(prenominal)s. She designed an experiment in which volunteers played a computer game called Cyberball while having their judgements s fag haltned by a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) machine. Cyberball hearkens rachis to the nastiness of the chool playground. raft thought they were playing a ball-tossing game over the Internet with two other volume, Eisenberger explains. They could see an avatar that represented themselves, and avatars ostensibly for two other bulk. Then, about(predicate) halfway through this game of catch amon g the three of them, the subjects stopped receiving the ball and the two other supposed players threw the ball only to each other. scour after they learned that no other forgiving players were involved, the game players spoke of get holding angry, snubbed, or judged, as if the other avatars excluded them because they didnt supercedeable something about them.This answer could be traced directly to the brains resolutions. When the great unwashed felt excluded, says Eisenberger, we saw activity in the dorsal portion of the anterior cingulate cortex the aflutter sh atomic number 18 involved in the di emphasising component of pain, or what is some whiles referred to as the suffering component of pain. Those people who felt the most rejected had the highest levels of activity in this region. In other words, the flavouring of being excluded provoked the same sort of reaction in the brain that corporal pain might cause. (See Exhibit 1. ) Eisenbergers fellow researcher Matthe w Lieberman, lso of UCLA, hypothesizes that human beings evolved 2 features special report congresswoman by Leigh Wells Neuroscience research is revealing the social nature of the high-performance work short letter. special REPORT THE TALENT OPPORTUNITY this link among social connection and physical discomfort within the brain because, to a mammal, being socially connected to c argivers is necessary for survival. This study and some(prenominal) a(prenominal) others now emerging scram made one thing clear The human brain is a social organ. Its physiologic and neurological reactions argon directly and deep shaped by social interaction. Indeed, asLieberman puts it, Most processes operating in the background when your brain is at rest argon involved in thinking about other people and yourself. This presents enormous challenges to managers. Although a job is oft meters regarded as a purely economic transaction, in which people exchange their labor for financial compensation, th e brain pick ups the workplace first and foremost as a social system. Like the experiment participants whose avatars were left out of the game, people who feel betrayed or unrecognized at work for example, when they ar reprimanded, given an assignment that seems unworthy, or told to take a pay ut experience it as a neural impulse, as powerful and painful as a blow to the head. Most people who work in companies learn to lop or temper their reactions they suck it up, as the common parlance puts it. precisely they in any case limit their commitment and engagement. They become purely transactional employees, reluctant to give more(prenominal)(prenominal) of themselves to the company, because the social context stands in their way. Leaders who understand this dynamic can more effectively engage their employees exceed talents, support collaborative police squads, and create an environs that fosters productive change.Indeed, the ability to intentionally address the social brai n in the service of optimal performance provide be a distinguishing leadership capableness in the years ahead. Triggering the Threat Response One critical thread of research on the social brain starts with the little terror and recognize reply, a neurological mechanism that governs a great deal of human behavior. When you encounter something unexpected a shadow seen from the corner of your eye or a new follower moving into the office next door the limbic system (a relatively primitive part of the brain, common to many animals) is ablaze(p).Neuroscientist Evian Gordon refers to this as the minimize danger, maximize beef upment response he calls it the funda psychogenic organizing principle of the brain. Neurons are activated and hormones are released as you seek to learn whether this new entity represents a chance for satisfy or a potential danger. If the perception is danger, so the response becomes a pure threat response as well as bonkn as the fight or charge res ponse, the avoid response, and, in its extreme form, the amygdala hijack, named for a part of the limbic system that can be excited rapidly and in an emotionally overwhelm way.Recently, researchers have documented that the threat response is often triggered in social situations, and it tends to be more intense and longer-lasting than the reward response. Data gathered through measures of brain activity by using fMRI and electroencephalograph (EEG) machines or by gauging hormonal secretions suggests that the same neural responses that drive us toward food or away from predators are triggered by our perception of the way we are treated by other people. These findings are reframing the prevailing view of the role that social drivers play in influencing how human behave.Matthew Lieberman notes that Abraham Maslows hierarchy of needs theory may have been wrong in this respect. Maslow proposed that strategy + business issue 56 features special report 3 David Rock (emailprotected .co m) is the founding president of the NeuroLeadership Institute (www. neuroleadership .org). He is also the CEO of Results Coaching Systems, which benefactors global geological formations grow their leadership teams, using brain research as a base for self-awareness and social awareness. He is the author of Your Brain at hammer (HarperBusiness, 2009) and Quiet Leadership Six Steps toTransforming Performance at Work (Collins, 2006). Exhibit 1 loving and Physical offend Produce Similar Brain Responses Physical hysic cal Pain ain solving in other words, on the nose when people most need their sophisticated mental capabilities, the brains internal resources are taken away from them. The impact of this neural dynamic is often visible in organizations. For example, when leaders trigger a threat response, employees brains become oftentimes less efficient. But when leaders shed light on people feel groovy about themselves, clearly communicate their expectations, give employees analo g to make decisions, support peoples fforts to build good relationships, and treat the whole organization fairly, it prompts a reward response. Others in the organization become more effective, more open to ideas, and more creative. They notice the configuration of information that passes them by when fear or resent- Illustration Sam tion Samuel Valasco muel Valasco Source Eisenberger, Lieberman, and Williams, Science, 2003 (social pain images) Lieberman et al. , The Neural Correlates of Placebo Effects A Disruption Account, Lieberman, Science, (social Lieber rman The N Neuroimage, May 2004 (physical pain images) mage, 4 features special report Social cial Pain ain Brain scans captured through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) parade the same areas associated with distress, whether caused by rejection or physical pain. cingulate (highlighted social rejection or physical pain. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (highlighted at left) is associated with the degree of di stress the near ventral distress. prefrontal cortex (highlighted at right) is associated with regulating the distre ntal ess. humans tend to forgather their needs in sequence, starting with physical survival and moving up the ladder toward self-actualization at the top. In this hierarchy, social eeds sit in the middle. But many studies now show that the brain equates social needs with survival for example, being hungry and being ostracized activate equivalent neural responses. The threat response is twain mentally taxing and deadly to the productivity of a person or of an organization. Because this response uses up oxygen and glucose from the blood, they are diverted from other parts of the brain, including the operative memory function, which processes new information and ideas. This impairs analytic thinking, creative insight, and problem Neuroscience has discovered that the brain is highly plastic. Even the most ntrenched behaviors can be modified. Status and Its Discontent s search into the social nature of the brain suggests some other piece of this puzzle. Five particular qualities enable employees and executives alike to minimize the threat response and instead enable the reward response. These five social qualities are positioning, deduction, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness Because they can be expressed with the acronym scarf joint, I sometimes think of them as a kind of headgear that an organization can wear to pr scourt exposure to dysfunction. To understand how the SCARF cast works, lets look at each characteristic in turn. eatures special report 5 ment makes it difficult to focus their attention. They are less susceptible to burnout because they are able to manage their stress. They feel intrinsically rewarded. Understanding the threat and reward response can also help leaders who are trying to implement large-scale change. The track record of failed efforts to spark higher-perfomance behavior has led many managers to conclude that hu man nature is simply intractable You cant teach an old dog new tricks. Yet neuroscience has also discovered that the human brain is highly plastic. Neural connections can be reformed, new behaviors can e learned, and even the most entrenched behaviors can be modified at any age. The brain impart make these shifts only when it is engaged in mindful attention. This is the state of thought associated with observing ones own mental processes (or, in an organization, stepping back to observe the flow of a conversation as it is happening). Mindfulness submits both serenity and concentration in a threatened state, people are much more likely to be mindless. Their attention is diverted by the threat, and they cannot easily move to self-discovery. In a previous article (The Neuroscience ofLeadership, s+b, Summer 2006), brain scientist Jeffrey Schwartz and I proposed that organizations could marshal mindful attention to create organisational change. They could do this over time by putting in place regular routines in which people would watch the conditions of their thoughts and feelings as they worked and thus develop greater self-awareness. We argued that this was the only way to change organizational behavior that the carrots and sticks of incentives (and behavioral psychology) did not work, and that the counseling and empathy of much organizational development was not fficient enough to make a difference. strategy + business issue 56 As humans, we are always assessing how social encounters either enhance or diminish our posture. Research published by Hidehiko Takahashi et al. in 2009 shows that when people realize that they might compare unfavorably to soulfulness else, the threat response kicks in, releasing cortisol and other stress-related hormones. (Cortisol is an accurate biological marker of the threat response within the brain, feelings of low post provoke the kind of cortisol elevation associated with sleep deprivation and chronic anxiety. Separately , researcher Michael Marmot, in his book The Status Syndrome How Social Standing Affects Our health and presbyopicevity (Times Books, 2004), has shown that high status correlates with human longevity and health, even when factors like income and education are controlled for. In short, we are biologically programmed to care about status because it favors our survival. As anyone who has lived in a modest house in a high-priced neighborhood knows, the feeling of status is always comparative. And an executive with a salary of US$500,000 may feel elevated. . . until he or she is A Craving for Certainty he skills they have acquired, rather than for their seniority, is a status booster in itself. Values have a strong impact on status. An organization that appears to value money and rank more than a basic sense of respect for all employees will generate threat responses among employees who arent at the top of the heap. Similarly, organizations that try to pit people against one another o n the theory that it will make them work harder reinforce the idea that there are only winners and losers, which undermines the standing of people below the top 10 percent. 6 features special report ssigned to work with an executive reservation $2. 5 million. A study by Joan Chiao in 2003 found that the neural circuitry that assesses status is similar to that which processes numbers the circuitry operates even when the stakes are meaningless, which is why attractive a board game or being the first off the mark at a green light feels so satisfying. Competing against ourselves in games like solitaire triggers the same circuitry, which may help explain the phenomenal popularity of video games. Understanding the role of status as a core repair can help leaders avoid organizational practices that stir ounterproductive threat responses among employees. For example, performance reviews often provoke a threat response people being reviewed feel that the exercise itself encroaches on thei r status. This makes 360degree reviews, unless extremely participative and welldesigned, ineffective at generating positive behavioral change. Another common status threat is the custom of offering feedback, a quantity practice for both managers and coaches. The mere phrase Can I give you some advice? puts people on the defensive because they grasp the person offering advice as claiming superiority.It is the cortisol equivalent of hearing footsteps in the dark. Organizations often assume that the only way to raise an employees status is to award a promotion. Yet status can also be enhanced in less-costly ways. For example, the perception of status increases when people are given praise. Experiments conducted by Keise Izuma in 2008 show that a programmed status-related stimulus, in the form of a computer saying good job, lights up the same reward regions of the brain as a financial windfall. The perception of status also increases when people master a new skill paying employees mo re forWhen an private encounters a familiar situation, his or her brain conserves its own goose egg by shifting into a kind of automatic pilot it relies on long-established neural connections in the basal ganglia and motor cortex that have, in effect, hardwired this situation and the individuals response to it. This makes it easy to do what the person has done in the past, and it frees that person to do two things at once for example, to talk while driving. But the minute the brain registers ambiguity or confusion if, for example, the car ahead of the driver slams on its brakes the brain flashes an error signal.With the threat response aroused and working memory diminished, the driver must(prenominal) stop talking and shift full attention to the road. Uncertainty registers (in a part of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex) as an error, gap, or tension something that must be corrected before one can feel comfortable again. That is why people crave certainty. Not cogn ise what will happen next can be profoundly debilitating because it requires extra neural energy. This diminishes memory, undermines performance, and disengages people from the present. Of course, uncertainty is not necessarily debilitating. Mild ncertainty attracts pursual and attention New and challenging situations create a mild threat response, increasing levels of adrenalin and dopamine just enough to spark curiosity and induce people to solve problems. Moreover, different people resolve to uncertainty in the world around them in different ways, depending in part on their existing patterns of thought. For example, when that car ahead stops suddenly, the driver who thinks, What should I do? is likely to be ineffective, whereas the driver who frames the incident as manageable I need to edit out left now because theres a car on the right is well equipped to respond.All of keep is uncertain it is the perception of Relating to Relatedness given more control over decision ma king lived longer and healthier lives than residents in a control group who had everything selected for them. The choices themselves were insignificant it was the perception of autonomy that mattered. Another study, this time of the franchise industry, identified worklife balance as the number one reason that people left corporations and moved into a franchise. Yet other data showed that franchise owners actually worked far longer hours (often for less money) than they had in corporate life.They nevertheless perceived themselves to have a better worklife balance because they had greater scope to make their own choices. Leaders who know how to satisfy the need for autonomy among their people can reap substantial benefits without losing their best people to the entrepreneurial ranks. features special report 7 The Autonomy Factor too much uncertainty that undercuts focus and performance. When perceived uncertainty gets out of hand, people panic and make bad decisions. Leaders and mana gers must thus work to create a perception of certainty to build confident and dedicated eams. communion business plans, rationales for change, and accurate maps of an organizations structure evokes this perception. Giving specifics about organizational restructuring helps people feel more confident about a plan, and articulating how decisions are made increases trust. Transparent practices are the foundation on which the perception of certainty rests. Breaking complex projects down into small steps can also help create the feeling of certainty. Although its highly unlikely everything will go as planned, people function better because the project now seems less ambiguous.Like the driver on the road who has enough information to calculate his or her response, an employee focused on a single, manageable aspect of a task is unlikely to be overwhelmed by threat responses. strategy + business issue 56 Studies by Steven Maier at the University of Boulder show that the degree of control available to an animal confronted by stressful situations determines whether or not that stressor undermines the ability to function. Similarly, in an organization, as long as people feel they can execute their own decisions without much oversight, stress remains under control.Because human brains evolved in response to stressors over thousands of years, they are constantly attuned, usually at a subconscious level, to the ways in which social encounters threaten or support the capacity for choice. A perception of reduced autonomy for example, because of being micromanaged can easily generate a threat response. When an employee experiences a lack of control, or agency, his or her perception of uncertainty is also aroused, further raising stress levels. By contrast, the perception of greater autonomy increases the feeling of certainty and reduces stress.Leaders who want to support their peoples need for autonomy must give them latitude to make choices, especially when they are part of a team or working with a supervisor. Presenting people with options, or allowing them to organize their own work and set their own hours, provokes a much less stressed response than forcing them to follow rigid instructions and schedules. In 1977, a well-known study of nursing homes by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer found that residents who were Fruitful collaboration depends on healthy relationships, which require trust and empathy. But in the brain, the bility to feel trust and empathy about others is shaped by whether they are perceived to be part of the same social group. This pattern is visible in many domains in sports (I hate the other team), in organizational silos (the suits are the problem), and in communities (those people on the other side of town always mess things up). Each time a person meets someone new, the brain automatically makes quick friend-or-foe distinctions and then experiences the friends and foes in ways that are colored by those distinctions. When the n ew person is perceived as different, the information travels along eural pathways that are associated with uncomfortable feelings (different from the neural pathways triggered by people who are perceived as similar to oneself). Leaders who understand this phenomenon will find many ways to apply it in business. For example, teams of diverse people cannot be thrown together. They must be deliberately put together in a way that minimizes the potential for threat responses. Trust cannot be put on or mandated, nor can empathy or even goodwill be compelled. These qualities develop only when peoples brains start to recognize former strangers as friends. This equires time and repeated social interaction. Once people make a stronger social connection, their brains begin to secrete a hormone called oxytocin in one anothers presence. This chemical, which has been linked with affection, maternal behavior, sexual arousal, and generosity, disarms the threat response and We now have reason to bel ieve that economic incentives are effective only when people perceive them as supporting their social needs. The perception that an event has been unfair generates a strong response in the limbic system, stirring hostility and undermining trust. As with status, people perceive airness in relative terms, feeling more satisfied with a fair exchange that offers a minimal reward than an unfair exchange in which the reward is substantial. Studies conducted by Matthew Lieberman and Golnaz Tabibnia found that people respond more positively to being given 50 cents from a dollar split between them and another person than to receiving $8 out of a total of $25. Another study found that the experience of fairness produces reward responses in the brain similar to those that occur from eating chocolate. The cognitive need for fairness is so strong that some people are willing to fight and die for causes hey believe are just or commit themselves wholeheartedly to an organization they recognize as fair. An executive told me he had stayed with his company for 22 years simply because they always did the right thing. People often engage in volunteer work for similar reasons They perceive their actions as increasing the fairness quotient in the world. In organizations, the perception of immorality creates an environment in which trust and collaboration cannot flourish. Leaders who play favorites or who appear to reserve privileges for people who are like them arouse a threat response in employees who are outside their circle.The old boys network provides an egregious example those who are not a part of it always perceive their organizations as fundamentally unfair, no matter how many mentoring programs are put in place. Like certainty, fairness is served by transparency. Leaders who share information in a timely manner can keep people engaged and motivated, even during staff reductions. Morale remains relatively high when people perceive that cutbacks are being handled fairly that no one group is treated with preference and that there is a rationale for every cut. Putting on the SCARF If you are a leader, every action you take and every ecision you make either supports or undermines the perceived levels of status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness in your enterprise. In fact, this is why leading is so difficult. Your every word and glance is freighted with social meaning. Your sentences and gestures are noticed and interpreted, magnified and 8 features special report Playing for Fairness further activates the neural networks that licence us to perceive someone as just like us. Research by Michael Kosfeld et al. in 2005 shows that a shot of oxytocin delivered by means of a nasal spray decreases threat arousal.But so may a handshake and a shared glance over something funny. Conversely, the human threat response is aroused when people feel cut off from social interaction. retirement and isolation are profoundly stressful. John T. Cacioppo a nd William Patrick showed in 2008 that loneliness is itself a threat response to lack of social contact, activating the same neurochemicals that flood the system when one is subjected to physical pain. Leaders who strive for inclusion and minimize situations in which people feel rejected create an environment that supports maximum performance. This of course raises a hallenge for organizations How can they foster relatedness among people who are competing with one another or who may be laid off? strategy + business issue 56 features special report 9 combed for meanings you may never have intended. The SCARF model provides a means of livery conscious awareness to all these potentially fraught interactions. It helps alert you to peoples core concerns (which they may not even understand themselves) and shows you how to calibrate your words and actions to better effect. Start by reducing the threats inherent in your company and in its leaders behavior.Just as the animal brain is wired to respond to a predator before it can focus attention on the hunt for food, so is the social brain wired to respond to dangers that threaten its core concerns before it can perform other functions. Threat always trumps reward because the threat response is strong, immediate, and hard to ignore. Once aroused, it is hard to displace, which is why an unpleasant encounter in traffic on the morning drive to work can distract attention and impair performance all day. humanity cannot think creatively, work well with others, or make informed decisions when their threat responses re on high alert. Skilled leaders understand this and act accordingly. A business reorganization provides a good example. Reorganizations generate massive amounts of uncertainty, which can paralyze peoples ability to perform. A leader attuned to SCARF principles thence makes reducing the threat of uncertainty the first order of business. For example, a leader might kick off the process by sharing as much informat ion as possible about the reasons for the reorganization, painting a picture of the future company and explaining what the specific implications will be for the people who work there.Much will be unknown, but being clear about what is known and willing to acknowledge what is not goes a long way toward ameliorating uncertainty threats. Reorganizations also stir up threats to autonomy, because people feel they lack control over their future. An astute leader will address these threats by giving people latitude to make as many of their own decisions as possible for example, when the budget must be cut, involving the people closest to the work in deciding what must go. Because many reorganizations entail information technology upgrades that undermine peo- ples perception of autonomy by foisting new systems on hem without their consent, it is essential to provide regular support and solicit employees participation in the design of new systems. Top-down strategic planning is often inimi cal to SCARF -related reactions. Having a few refer leaders come up with a plan and then expecting people to buy into it is a recipe for failure, because it does not take the threat response into account. People rarely support initiatives they had no part in designing doing so would undermine both autonomy and status. Proactively addressing these concerns by adopting an inclusive planning process can prevent the kind of unconscious sabotage hat results when people feel they have played no part in a change that affects them every day. Leaders often underestimate the importance of addressing threats to fairness. This is especially true when it comes to compensation. Although most people are not motivated primarily by money, they are profoundly de-motivated when they believe they are being unfairly paid or that others are overpaid by comparison. Leaders who recognize fairness as a core concern understand that disproportionately increasing compensation at the top makes it impossible to fully engage people at the middle or lower end of the pay cale. Declaring that a highly paid executive is doing a great job is counterproductive in this situation because those who are paid less will interpret it to mean that they are perceived to be poor performers. For years, economists have argued that people will change their behavior if they have sufficient incentives. But these economists have defined incentives almost exclusively in economic terms. We now have reason to believe that economic incentives are effective only when people perceive them as supporting their social needs. Status can also be enhanced by giving an employee reater scope to plan his or her schedule or the chance to develop meaningful relationships with those at different levels in the organization. The SCARF model thus provides leaders with more nuanced and cost-effective ways to expand the commentary of reward. In doing so, SCARF principles also provide a more granular understanding of the state of eng agement, in which employees give their best performance. Engagement can be induced when people working toward objectives feel rewarded by their efforts, with a manageable level of threat in short, when the brain is generating rewards in several SCARF-related dimensions.Leaders themselves are not immune to the SCARF and cognitive problem solving reside in the lateral, or outer, portions of the brain, whereas the middle regions support self-awareness, social skills, and empathy. These regions are inversely correlated. As Lieberman notes, If you exceed a lot of time in cognitive tasks, your ability to have empathy for people is reduced simply because that part of your circuitry doesnt get much use. maybe the greatest challenge facing leaders of business or government is to create the kind of atmosphere that promotes status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fairness.When historians look back, their judgment of this period in time may rise or fall on how organizations, and societ y as a whole, operated. Did they treat people fairly, draw people together to solve problems, promote entrepreneurship and autonomy, foster certainty wherever possible, and find ways to raise the perceived status of everyone? If so, the brains of the future will salute them. + Resources Reprint No. 09306 John T. Cacioppo and William Patrick, Loneliness Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (W. W. Norton, 2008) A scientific look at the causes and effects of emotional isolation.Michael Marmot, The Status Syndrome How Social Standing Affects Our Health and Longevity (Times Books, 2004) An epidemiologist shows that people live longer when they have status, autonomy, and relatedness, even if they lack money. David Rock, Your Brain at Work Strategies for Overcoming Distraction, Regaining Focus, and Working Smarter All Day Long (HarperBusiness, 2009) Neuroscience explanations for workplace challenges and dilemmas, and strategies for managing them. David Rock and Jeffrey Schwartz, The Neuroscience of Leadership, s+b, Summer 2006, www. strategy-business. om/press/article/06207 Applying breakthroughs in brain research, this article explains the value of neuroplasticity in organizational change. David Rock, SCARF A Brain-based baby-sit for Collaborating with and Influencing Others, NeuroLeadership Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, December 2008, 44 Overview of research on the five factors described in this article, and contains bibliographic references for research quoted in this article. Naomi Eisenberger and Matthew Lieberman, with K. D. Williams, Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion, Science, vol. 302, no. 643, October 2003, 290292 Covers the Cyberball experiment. Naomi Eisenberger and Matthew Lieberman, The Pains and Pleasures of Social Life, Science, vol. 323, no. 5916, February 2009, 890891 Explication of social pain and social pleasure, and the impact of fairness, status, and autonomy on brain response. NeuroLeadership Institute Web site, www. n euroleadership. org Institute bringing together research scientists and management experts to explore the transformation of organizational development and performance. For more business thought leadership, sign up for s+b s RSS feeds at www. trategy-business. com/rss 10 features special report dynamic like everyone else, they react when they feel their status, certainty, autonomy, relatedness, and fair treatment are threatened. However, their reactions have more impact, because they are picked up and amplified by others throughout the company. (If a companys executive salaries are excessive, it may be because others are following the leaders intuitive emphasis, control by subconscious cognition, on anything that adds status. ) If you are an executive leader, the more practiced you are at reading yourself, the more effective you will e. For example, if you understand that micromanaging threatens status and autonomy, you will resist your own impulse to gain certainty by dictating eve ry detail. Instead, youll seek to disarm people by giving them latitude to make their own mistakes. If you have felt the hairs on the back of your own neck rise when someone says, Can I offer you some feedback? you will know its best to create opportunities for people to do the hard work of self-assessment rather than insisting they depend on performance reviews. When a leader is self-aware, it gives others a feeling f safety even in uncertain environments. It makes it easier for employees to focus on their work, which leads to improved performance. The same principle is evident in other groups of mammals, where a skilled pack leader keeps members at peace so they can perform their functions. A self-aware leader modulates his or her behavior to alleviate organizational stress and creates an environment in which motivation and creativity flourish. One great advantage of neuroscience is that it provides hard data to vouch for the efficacy and value of so-called downy skills. It also shows the danger of being a hard-charging eader whose best efforts to move people along also set up a threat response that puts others on guard. Similarly, many leaders try to repress their emotions in order to enhance their leadership presence, but this only confuses people and undermines morale. Experiments by Kevin Ochsner and James Gross show that when someone tries not to let other people see what he or she is feeling, the other party tends to experience a threat response. Thats why being spontaneous is key to creating an authentic leadership presence. This approach is likely to minimize status threats, increase certainty, nd create a sense of relatedness and fairness. Finally, the SCARF model helps explain why intelligence, in itself, isnt sufficient for a good leader. Matthew Liebermans research suggests that high intelligence often corresponds with low self-awareness. The neural networks involved in information holding, planning, strategy+business magazine is published by B ooz & Company Inc. To subscribe, visit www. strategy-business. com or call 1-877-829-9108. For more information about Booz & Company, visit www. booz. com Looking Booz & Company Inc. 2009 for Booz Allen Hamilton? It can be found at at www. boozallen. com

Thesis Statement Essay

Studies absorb shown that an increasing trend of national wildness is being perpetrated in heterosexual ho implementholds. Many of these cases involve the male abusing the female, and the female actively attempting to keep abreast an outward visual aspect of normalcy despite the silent suffering. This outward image is nothing but a cover to maintain an illusion to the orb that e genuinelything is respectable in the relationship, and also in some(prenominal) cases for fear of further ab riding habit for drawing attention to the issue. As a result a closed circulate of suffering, pain, and violence is created.Annotated BibliographyWhat is Domestic Violence? (August, 2014) The United States Department of Justice.http//www.justice.gov/ovw/ interior(prenominal)-violenceThe U.S. Department of Justice profiles the non-homogeneous ways in which domestic violence can be perpetrated by the aggressor. The manners in which the aggressor may enact the convolute ar psychological, econo mic, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. From this study the USDOJ is able to show how domestic violence is inflicted on females and the methods males use to gain control. The studies also show that abuse crosses both age and socioeconomic group boundaries. This study is credible as it comes from the U.S. Department of Justice. The USDOJ enforces laws and defends the interests and wellbeing of the American people. The USDOJ is continually researching various crimes, one of which being domestic abuse. This continual research gives women everywhere a continually growing base of knowledge to aid in stripe and protection. This study provides details into the domination of females by their male henchmans in emotional, financial, and physical realms.Effects of domestic violence (2013). Stop Violence Against Women. Retrieved August 12, 2014, fromhttp//www.stopvaw.org/effects_of_domestic_violenceThis article highlights the various impacts that domestic abuse has on women. It looks at the scars, mental and physical, left by violence such as beating and choking. It also covers how domestic violence has a reaching effect on children whom live with the abusive male (father figure). This website is a credible source due to its ties with the project of the advocates of human pay offs. This project is a corporal forum which isdedicated to womens rights and protection against violence. This source provided information directly relating to the effects of prolonged exposure of this sheath of violent home relationship on a woman and the family. It delves into the cycle of fear which women are stuck in and how they fear for their lives in many an(prenominal) cases.Bancroft, L. (2003). Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and irresponsible men. Penguin. In this book, the author takes a deep look into the mental pictures of men whom have been noted as angry and highly controlling. Further, it looks at the effect of this type of man on his spouse over long peri ods of time together. Finally it ventures into some of the warning signs that could be picked up on, problems faced when trying to get lawful help to combat the issue, the abusive personalities of men, as well as the change management required to correct the issues, and escape them for the women. This is a highly credible source as it was written by Lundy Bancroft. Bancroft has had over 15 years of experience in this exact field of study. He also served as one of the directors of Emerge. This was the very first program in the United States which was explicitly for abusive men to come and get help. This book gives great detail toward validating my thesis, particularly regarding how males make violent in the quest to control the female partner.Counts, D. A., Brown, J. K., & Campbell, J. (Eds.). (1999). To have and to hit Cultural perspectives on wife beating. University of Illinois Press. In this book, the research ties together the issue of domestic abuse (physical), into the cultu ral aspects which are apparent throughout history in many countries around the world. In many of these cultures, the female is still viewed as little than equal, so many of the males have this societal reinforcement of an idea of superiority over females. The book also shows how in many cultures the male still has the right to hit women. The credibility of this source comes from the author, Judith Brown. Her research in this field has been extensive, even including time spend as a scholar at Stanford University. Her books, and various speeches are well known. This book affirms the silence that many females feel they must maintain regarding this abuse, and is where my thesis of the closed loop ofsuffering stems from.Steiner. L (2013), Why abused women blockage in bad relationships Retrieved August 16, 2014, fromhttp//www.cnn.com/2013/02/10/opinion/steiner-domestic-violenceThis source documents research on females whom stayed in an abusive relationship fearing of retaliation or in a hope of changing the abusing partner. The research shows the complications to the situations, particularly how a woman whos being abused still tries to maintain a positive image to the world about their relationship. Some of the women who attempted leaving the relationship ended up with no societal support, or worse yet, died. This article gains credibility from its author Leslie Steiner. Leslie is volunteers for the internal Domestic Violence/Abuse Hotline, and is also on the DC Volunteer Lawyers Project. This article supports my thesis by showing the why behind the silence that many abused females choose to maintain. Cycle Of Violence Domestic Violence. (n.d.). Retrieved August 12, 2014, fromhttp//www.domesticviolence.org/This website serves as a resource for information regarding every form of domestic violence for all to learn from. This site not only discusses the violence women endure, but also the effects it has on them, the families, and specifically the children. The cha rt on the website shows the continual cycle that many women face with the abusive partner and how it repeats. This source gains credibility from the work done by the Oakland County Council Against Domestic Violence. This website provides information into the specifics of how males will manipulate a female partner into a situation they are or feel, trapped in. Myths and Facts about Domestic Violence (2014). Retrieved August 13, 2014, fromhttp//www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/domviol/myths.htmThis site is a information portal provided by the prosecuting attorney in Clark County, Indiana. This site dives into many of the myths associated with domestic violence. Highlighting that males can be the victim in domestic abuse, but that statistics show the female is to the highest degree often the one whom is the victim. This is a credible source as its written by a prosecutor whom sees these cases on a regular radix and is able to get the facts of the case. This source gives credibility to th e thesis statement by bolstering the fact thatmany women feel trapped by various means. Herman, J. (2002). Trauma & recuperation The aftermath of violence from domestic abuse to political terror. This is a non-fiction work which shows how society can make the experience of being abused even much traumatic on a female. It shows how sexual abuse against a female can link to domestic terrorism.The book brings about some interesting parallels in the midst of a public trauma (terrorism) and a private trauma (rape). It also discusses the way that these public traumas can leave scars, which is akin to the lasting scars and loss of egotism respect which can occur within a female who has suffered sexual abuse. This source gains credibility from the author, Dr. Judith Herman. Dr. Herman is a professor at Harvard University and also the director of learning for victim violence at the Cambridge Hospital. This book is a source which will reinforce my thesis, and show how males obtain sexual control over females and the effects this campaign of control has. Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D., & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the Scale of Economic Abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 563-588.http//vaw.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Scale-of-Economic-Abuse.pdfThis study reviews the cases of economic abuse on women, committed by their respective partners. The study range of a function covered 103 females whom had suffered economic abuse by their partner. This study highlights that males not only use sexual and physical violence, but also are found to use economic violence. This study gains credibility due to its composition by a portion of diverse scholars at Michigan University. Megan Greeson, Adrienne Adams, Deborah Bybee, and Cris Sullivan are professors at Michigan University whom have been engaged in community based and highly collaborative research. This study was published in 2008 and was put together with first hand details tending(p) by those who experienced the domestic abuse. This study affirms the thesis showing the way males attempt to gain control over females and using economic abuse. It shows how economic abuse affects victims by making them feel helpless. These feelings cause them to then give in and give the abuser what they want.Price J.L., Lee S. S., Quiroga S. S., (December 2000), Meeting the Needs of Survivors, Department of condition of Women, City and County of San Francisco. Retrieved August 9, 2014, fromhttp//sfgov.org/dosw/violence-against-women-girls-san-franciscoThis source is a survey conducted by members of Department of Status of women, city and county of San Francisco regarding why women dont fight back against domestic abuse. This survey was conducted via telephone interviews with approximately 25% of the female population in the county participating. Results clearly showed that females tolerated the abuse to attempt to maintain a stable relationship, and positive appearance to society. This so urce gains credibility from the scholars conducting the research Jennifer L. Price, Sandra Soo-Jin Lee, Seline Szkupinski Quiroga for Department of Status of Women of City and County of San Francisco. These surveys were completed personally by calling women and asking about the factors related to domestic violence and abuse. This source affirms my thesis, and provides statistical data regarding the silence of females in an abusive home.

Slaughter Houses

Mason, for years, shit production had been a big part of the slaughterhouses, but as epoch went on, the demand for pork went up. In 1975, pig production was at sixty-nine million a year in 2004, pig production skyrocketed to one degree centigrade three million pigs. The increase in pigs caused environmental problems because the average magnanimous pig produces quaternity times as much waste as an adult human. With the amount of pigs in each farm (for example, a farm in Nebraska has over forty-eight thousand pigs), and their waste leaking into nearby bodies of water, many tip and other animals were killed.Pigs like to move around and explore their environment in the wild which they be unable to do that in captivity because of how cramped the pens are. On one farm in Nebraska, there are over forty-eight thousand pigs in only twenty-four barns (Mason and Singer 339). The video Torture deep atomic pile Slaughterhouses Suffering Untold (The Ugliest Methods of Torture) Not for Wea k Lyons 2 Hearts shows that this environment causes pigs to develop open sores. When a pig is pregnant, it is kept in a gestational crate which is barely bigger than their body.Following birth, the babies are immediately castrated and have their tails cut if with disclose anesthesia. To make the pigs move, the workers kick, hit, and yell at them. Many of the pigs die from mutilation. If the pig is sick, injured, or has not been growing as fast as the other pigs, it is killed. Pigs tend to live for only five to six months. The most popular ship canal to kill the pigs include throwing the pigs into bins and painfully gassing them with carbon dioxide, slamming their head on the floor, and being hung on a forklift and suffocated (Torture).With chickens used to produce orchis, directly after(prenominal) birth, the males and females are separated and the males are killed because they dont lay eggs. To kill them, they are either thrown into giant grinding implements or thrown into trash bags and suffocated. With the females, to avoid pecking in overcrowded pens, the tips of their beaks are cut off which causes acute and chronic pain. When they are grown to a certain size, they are moved to even more than overcrowded cages and lay eggs for their whole carriage. Workers abuse the hens by stepping on them, throwing them in garbage cans, and mangling their spines to break their neck.After their egg production is excessively slow, they are plucked from their cages and put into carts where they are suffocated dumbbell carbon dioxide (Torture). Poultry that is used for meat are stuffed in overcrowded sheds. Genetically, chicken and turkeys have grown so big, they become crippled, have chronic knock pain, and heart attacks. Poultry that are sick or injured are clubbed to death or have their neck broken. When finally in the slaughterhouse, the workers handle the poultry very violently leaving injuries and bruises.The workers hang the poultry upside down by their feet in shackles and dragged through an electric vat Lyons 3 of water to inactivate them. To kill them, they are pulled against a blade that stunneds through their neck and if that doesnt work, there is a worker that cuts their neck (Torture). On cow farms, awe are fed BEST, bovine commiseration, a genetically engineered growth hormone strictly used in the USA because Canada and England fear the side effects on the awe health. Along with BEST, cows are fed antibiotics in their meals.Their meals, that should contain forage, actually contains corn and left over cow meat (Mason and Singer 349). Calves on dairy farms are dragged away from their mother and either made for veal or, if theyre strong enough, are kept for beef. Cows are kept confined n stalls on concrete flooring. Workers torture the cows by cutting off their tails and burning their skull to get their horns out without pain killers. When a cow becomes too sick or injured to stand, called downers, they are left alone too slo wly and painfully die. Cows used for beef are castrated whence branded with a hot iron.Beef cows are contained in overcrowded feedlots which is covered with their waste. To kill a cow, the workers tend to cut their throat (Torture). Wild cows life expectancy is about twenty years, where a confined cows life expectancy is five to seven years (Mason and Singer 350). There is one person that observe how inhumane these factories are, mainly for cattle, named temple Grinding. From a small article tabernacle Grinding Biography, she was born on August 29, 1947 in Boston, Massachusetts. She was diagnosed with Autism at the age of four and didnt learn how to express until the age of four.To get her to talk, she went through extensive speech therapy with her mom. She also had a hypersensitivity to noise and other stimuli. According to the movie Temple Grinding, doctors verbalise she should be institutionalized, but the mother refused. She went to a boarding school, here she still bullied . In this school, though, she befriended a teacher who saw how she learned in pictures and helped her realize her aline potential. Lyons 4 One summer she went to her Aunts farm which is where she got her interest in cows. Throughout her life, she liked to build things.She saw a machine she called a pressureging machine and saw how much it helped to calm the cows. She built her own to calm her down saying she gets the same release a regular person gets from an actual hug from another person (Temple). For her masters degree in Animal Science, she went to Arizona State. As she would be in tours of different cattle farms and saw the cows being poked and prodded, she started to think about how she could make the farms more humane. She saw how the ways used at that time made the cows scared and how around of them were killed and valued to fix it (Temple).She first wanted to do her thesis on mooing, and she concluded how the cows use different moos at different times. She figured out t hat the cows are actually warning each other when something is going to happen. Her professors wouldnt sign off on her thesis. She switched her thesis to control yester and cattle and why some work better than others and how they can tell the difference. To see what the cows see, Temple Went through the chute cows go through and was able to figure out what scared them and makes them uncomfortable. She soon wrote many articles on her findings (Temple).A farmer read her articles and liked her ideas and asked her to design a dip for his farm. The dip she designed starts with a chute that is trend so that the cows feel like theyre going in circles, which calms them. They follow each other into a tunnel that makes them into one line and they go down a incorrect ramp that allows them to go into the dip at their own pace to keep tem relaxed. The day before it was going to be shown, a newsman witnessed it and called it brilliant. The day it showed though, the farmers changed it and had al ready killed three cows by the time Temple got there (Temple).Lyons 5 She tried to enter the Abbot Slaughterhouse to talk to the head and show him her plans for a more humane factory. They would not let her in. At the store though, Temple met a woman who helped her trough the automatic doors that Temple was afraid to go through. That woman turned out to be the wife f the head of Abbot Slaughterhouse who was able to get Temple in to see her husband. He accepted Temples plans (Tempe). Temple went on to get her doctorate at the University of Illinois in Animal Science.She then became a professor at atomic number 27 State University and lectures worldwide on autism and animal handling. In North America now, half of the cattle is handled by the systems made by Temple Grinding (Temple). Today, a lot Of Temples beliefs are used. She believed that the correct stunning is extremely important, it leads to better meat. If the stunning is one incorrectly, bloodspots in meat and bone fractures can happen. She stated that an agitate steer can be very dangerous and shouldnt be tampered with. Also, an escaped cattle should never be chased.If you leave it alone, it will return. Lastly, stay away from the cattles dip spot, if it cant see you, it might kick you. Temple has specific guidelines for livestock holding facilities. First, the animals should be moved in small groups. Also, the pens should never be overcrowded. They should be make full only halfway. Handlers should understand the basic concepts of flight zone and the point of balance on a owe. Ranches and facilities must have non-slip flooring. Lastly, workers should keep the animals calm, when the animals are calm, they move more easily.Temple said that at all different types of facilities, there should be proper unloading ramps so the trucks can unload properly. Larger facilities should have two or more ramps. The ramps should have a level dock before the ramp goes down so the animals have a level surface to walk L yons 6 on when they exit the truck. Also, the ramp should not exceed twenty degrees, this will allow the cows to go down the ramp easier. If the ramp is incorrect, stair steps should be there to provide better traction for the animals.

Comparing web applications Essay

Its the technology apply for how web browsers submit forms and interact with programs on the innkeeper. Its used for simple interactive applications and can be used with any programming language. CGI applications are often called CGI Scripts, they run in the server not in the web browser, and they must follow server requirements for running applications. ISAPIIts an N-tier API of IIS and consists of two components extensions and filters. These are the only two types of applications that can be substantial using ISAPI, they must be compiled into DLL cross-files which are then registered with IIS to be run on the web server. ISAPI extensions are true applications that run on IIS, ISAPI filters are used to modify or enhance the functionality provided by IIS. SSIIt is a tool that you can use to eliminate repetitive types of teaching on your web pages. It is a file the server includes in a web page before sending it out to a browser. It uses headers, navigation panels, and footers. Its useful because you only need to qualify one file and every web page using that element picks up the update.ASPThis technology allows a web server to change the information that ispresented to the visitor in a website based on different criteria. It is a scripting language that is embedded in a code on the page that the web server can look at to change the information on the webpage. It works similar to HTML. ASP.NETASP.NET is a web application framework developed by Microsoft to build dynamic data driven Web applications and Web services. ASP.NET is a subset of .NET framework, a framework is a collection of classes, and ASP.NET is the successor to classic ASP. ASP.NET web pages, know officially as Web Forms, are the main building blocks for application development, and these web forms are contained in files with a .aspx extension.ReferencesZacker, C. (2009). Lesson 7 Deploying Web Applications. Windows server 2008 applications basis configuration (70-643) (). Hoboken, NJ Wiley . http//itt.coursesmart.com/9781118550861/firstsectionX2ludGVybmFsX0J2ZGVwRmxhc2hSZWFkZXI/eG1saWQ9OTc4MTExODU1MDg2MS8xMTc Internet Server Application Programming Interface. (2014, July 5). Wikipedia. Retrieved May 12, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface