Rise of Civilization in Mesoamerica and Andean South America Essay

Rise of Civilization in Mesoamerica and Andean South America - Essay ExampleMonuments with hieroglyphic texts were constructed and watching centers had outstanding artistic developments. The Post Classic period extended from A.D. 950 to 1521, local governments were divided into branches for different purposes and directed towards commercial activities. Great houses with many and large dwell were constructed serving purposes of royal ceremonies and host to long distance solelyiances, each of these buildings had a sophisticated level of art and craft impressions. Traders and craftsmen were involved in the competition for entree into exclusive exchange networks that they sought the r arst and most exotic materials for their gifts. Smelting of gold, silver and copper was introduced in Central and South America. As pointed out by Gonzales, Merchants and Artisans only make up a small percentage of the Mesoamerican population but had a great impact that led to an extensive trading netwo rk (17). The Andean region of South America is also significant in the rise of early intricate societies. The Andean people had their own distinct cultures different from new(prenominal) people in the world. Before invasion of Peru by Spain in 1532, western South America was inhabited by different High Mountain and cease coastal societies. These people had unique artistic and technological achievements which is the reason behind the name Andean Civilization by modern observers. South American territories were controlled by the Inca and were spread over Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina they were all set out of a state called Tawantinsuyu which means the Realm of the Four Parts. The Inca began as a tribe in 1200 B.C., after defeating neighboring Andean tribes founded the Inca Empire. It was the most sizeable civilization in South America. An existing... The Andean region of South America is also significant in the rise of early intricate societies. The Andean people had their own distinct cultures different from other people in the world. Before the invasion of Peru by Spain in 1532, western South America was inhabited by different High Mountain and desert coastal societies. These people had unique artistic and technological achievements which are the reason behind the name Andean Civilization by modern observers. South American territories were controlled by the Inca and were spread over Ecuador, Chile, Peru, Bolivia and Argentina they were all part of a state called Tawantinsuyu which means the Realm of the Four Parts. The Inca began as a tribe in 1200 B.C., after defeating neighboring Andean tribes founded the Inca Empire. It was the most powerful civilization in South America. An existing indication of the social unity of the Andean people is the Quechua language which is still used by millions of people from mating Ecuador and North Argentina. The Incas were great warriors and shrewd rulers. They exchanged gifts with neighboring tribes, inte rmarried and formed political alliances. Their populations were large in numbers and their administrative and economic systems were established in all their regions. Inca civilization had reached great feats in architecture they constructed buildings with fine cut stones eliminating the need for mortar. They melted gold and silver and were in fact very famous for their gold.

Humpback Whales Essay Example for Free

Humpback Whales EssayGeneral DescriptionA. Body Symmetry bilateralB. Special Pigments or Coloration Dark grey with lighter underbelly flippers and flukes are grey and spotted with whiteC. Habitat (Z hotshot) Benthic and coastal(Geographic) From Alaska to the CaribbeanD. special Characteristics1) Reproduction Polygamous Seasonal breeding 2) Feeding Techniques Filter feeders Bubble netting, Ring of foam, Lunging. 3) Defense Techniques Humpbacks convey few predators other than humans, and dont lose any defensive techniques. Some of the largest animals on Earth are the gentlest. The humpback whale whale is a stellar example of gentle, with its diet, behavior, and complete lack of natural predators. Whales as a species are typically depicted as large animals, understandable with the bittyest member of the species, the dwarf sperm whale, measuring on average 9 feet and calculation in at around 400 pounds. The humpback, however, is one of the largest whales, coming in just behin d the finback and blue whales. Humpbacks are anywhere from 48 to 63 feet long and weigh an average of 40 tons. Theyre recognizable by their large, dark grey bodies with a hump shaped dorsal fin and unusually long white pectoral fins.The humpbacks genus name, Magaptera Novaengliae, means big-winged, New Englander because the largest colony of whales was along the northeast coast of the United States in the Atlantic. But humpback whales are also found vastly between California and Russia. They are migratory marine mammals, and often spend their summers in high latitude areas such as the Gulfs of Maine or Alaska, and then swim south to breed in the sub equatorial waters in the Dominican Republic and Hawaiian Islands. The humpback in truth holds the record for farthest migration of any mammal. The longest recorded migration was 5,160 miles from Costa Rica to Antarctica by a pod of 7 whales. The big-winged New Englanders diet consists of mostly small organisms even though they are such large animals. Humpbacks belong to the branch of whales known as Mysticeti or baleen whales. Baleen whales do non have teeth, they have baleen which are teeth-like bristles that help the whale to filter small fish and crustaceans from the water for the whale to eat.Baleen whales like the humpback await on a diet of small fish, salmon, herring, krill, and other crustaceans. To compensate for its size, a humpback whale must intake about 3000 pounds of food per day. Humpbacks are very(prenominal) social creatures that travel in pods, and in order to besot this much food for the entire pod, they endure as a group. They dont hunt like toothed whales, but viciously attacking their prey, but they will lunge at their prey when the confused organisms are trapped in a giant bubble net. Bubble netting is when a pod of whales swim around a school of fish and exhale through their blowholes, producing bubbles, and scaring their prey into a small ball by slapping their flippers and creating loud vocal sounds. Speaking of humpbacks be very social animals, they are also highly recognized by their impressive aerial displays across the surface of the water in spite of their immense weight. Breaching is a popular and well-known trick of all whales. It is when a whale launches themselves higher up the water, often twisting in midair, and splashing back down on their sides.Scientists arent exactly sure why, but it is speculated that it could be an alternative method of conversation as well as an alternative to spyhopping. Spyhopping is when a whale swims vertically to the surface and exposes but as much of their head so as to have their eyes above water in order to check their surroundings. This could very well be why tourist ships get so many photos of whales breaching. other(a) whale behaviors include slapping the water with its everyplacetly large pectoral fins and belly-flipping. Belly-flipping is simply when a whale lies on its back in the water and slaps the wate r with one flipper at a time. These behaviors have been seen during courtship and feeding. Humpback whales are polygamous animals, with the males competing for aggressively for oestrous females.Breeding takes place in the winter and in tropical waters. The gestation period for humpbacks is 11 to 12 months, but the mother only gives birth to one calf at a time. The calf will adhere by its mothers side for 2 to 3 years, and reach sexual maturity at around 4 to 5 years old. Females typically produce offspring every 2 years but can birth 2 calves in 3 years. Since the whales are mammals, the female gives birth to a live calf and then breastfeeds for about 5 months. Humpbacks are not territorial, but calves are also to be protected at all costs. Therefore, it makes wizard that these gentle giants are only ever not so gentle when competing for a mate, and when they believe an outside whale poses a threat to the pods calves safety. In the pod, Escort whales may swim with a calf and its m other.The Escort whale, (most are male), may blow bubbles to create a screen when outside humpbacks get too close. They also show aggression on occasion when boats and ships get too close. Such aggressive behavior may include body thrashing, plane tail-lashing, and lobtailing. Lobtailing is basically tail slapping, which can do a lot of damage considering the strength in the humpbacks large white and grey flukes. broadly speaking, pods are more aggressive than individual whales. Humpbacks are perhaps most well-known for their hauntingly beautiful and mysterious whale songs. They are the only whales that do so, and scientists have yet to decipher what they mean.However, we are aware that their melodic whalesong are obviously means of communicating to fellow whales. The songs can last for over 20 minutes and continue for more than 24 hours per session. Male humpbacks have also been known to sing in order to attract mates. For a scary century, humpback whales were high on the endange red species list. It is only recently that these graceful and gentle giants have accumulated once again to a healthy cosmos of at least 80,000 whales. Economically, humpbacks are wonderful tourist attractions for the coastal states as theyre the favorites of whale watchers. It is better that money is made from watching them than money being made for their meat, baleen, skin, and oil, as well as their very existence.

State Versus Federal Power to Regulate Immigration Essay Example for Free

State Versus Federal Power to Regulate Immigration EssayAccording to the U. S. Census Bureau, the foreign-born population in the United States tripled in the past four decades and currently totals about 37 million, or nearly 12 percent of the total population. What authority do states have with respect to immigration matters? For decades, the power to regulate immigration has been considered a federal power. However, in recent years Congress added a new provision that allows local law enforcement to nowadays enforce immigration regulations through the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). This provision is the Immigration and Nationality Act, and it is our basic federal immigration law. Causing many debates amongst community members, immigration has created a sense of an overwhelming presence of new lifestyles, cultures and ethnicity groups throughout America. The large number of new immigrants to this country creates a lifestyle that does not fit wellspri ng with the once dominant group.In many cases, residents seem to be lobbying for stricter laws and enforcement. Alabama and Arizonas immigration laws provide the example for examining state power. With the Supreme coquette ruling for over a century that federal government has the ultimate power of ruling immigration, they have ruled that any state or local law that attempts to regulate immigration is in violation of the Supremacy Clause of the U. S.Constitution and is preempted by federal law. (Guizar, 2007)I have found that those powers are base on the Commerce Clause, Naturalization Clause, Migration and Importation Clause and the War Power Clause of Article I of the US Constitution. Sejal Zota, the author of Do State and local anaesthetic Immigration Laws Violate Federal Law? , states that there is no general answer for this question, for the analysis varies across different areas of regulation.Her article provides a general framework to determine whether state and local law s relating to public benefits, housing, and employment may be preempted by federal law. Also, she touches on the topic of civil rights laws that may be break by laws establishing English as the official language of our country and free speech. With a hope for future cases concerning regulation of immigrant housing and employment, we will not unfeignedly know the answer to the largely questioned thought, and hopefully what is to come to the future will bring clearer direction.

History of furniture Essay Example for Free

History of furniture EssayThe meaning of domesticity in The Middle Ages took on a variety of interpretations. It typically encompasses anything from the family unit, their dwelling house and their friends and neighbors to rulers and their castles. The fundament, as the bloc of domesticity could be viewed as a structure together with its contents and lay out. Naturally the proceeds and development of furniture runs parallel to the growth and development of domesticity throughout The Middle Ages. Nomadic culture was prevalent during The Middle Ages and domestic furniture was constructed to reflect the demands of transient lifestyles. Wealthy landowners together with nobility rarely re chief(prenominal)ed in genius place for an extended period as they often traveled between their domains. Heavy, bulky furniture was entirely undesirable in the circumstances. Therefore the furniture was knowing for mobility and easy disassembly. The chest was perhaps the most common item of house hold furniture and reflected the nomadic culture of The Middle Ages more effectively than any opposite item of furniture. The chest proved to be a diverse item of domestic furniture.It was ideal for storing and transferring goods from genius termination to an an new(prenominal)(prenominal). Upon arrival at a destination the chest could be used as a table or a mantle. The Middle Ages which stretched over a period of about one mebibyte years commencing with the fall of Rome in 476 A. D and ending with the conquest of the Turks Constantinople in 1453 B. C. It was the age of monasteries and convents, of religious persecutions and of heroic struggles of the Christian Church. (Litchfield. 2004) The period was excessively marked by a progression of feudalism and war as well as chivalry.How of all time, towards the close, a time of comparative civilization and progress, of darkness big way to the light which followed the night of the Middle Ages preceding the dawn of the Renaissance. (Litchfield. 2004) Constantinople, the capital city of the Eastern Empire began to grow in popularity and as a essence the migration to the capital city, of families of respectable means grew. When they left their homes for Constantinople they carried with them all of their valuable possessions. The wealth homeowners gravitated toward more ornamental household furnishings and fittings.This represented a departure from the early untarnished Greek to a more Byzantine style. (Rowling. 1973 p 17) The dictates of a prevalent Christianity significantly influenced the role of women in The Middle Ages. Ladies were permitted to be seen in chariots and open carriages, the designs of which, therefore, better and became more varied. (Litchfield. 2004) And there was a cessation of the old tradition of reclining at meals (Litchfield 2004) was replaced by having guests occupying benches.Until the turn of the fourteenth century the ordinary dwelling house was simple in its furnishing, reflecti ng a slow growth in domesticity with the emergence of the well off merchant mentality. In France, for instance, the main elbow room in a wedded home contained a bedstead and a prie dieu chair, a table with plain slab supported on shaped standards. (Litchfield 2004) The rest of the furniture featured in the main room would typically be comprised of the signature Middle Ages chest which would have been carved from oak or chestnut with a series of benches or stools.A basic table resembling a supported and elevated slab of wood also formed a typical part of the furniture system in an ordinary dwelling house of The Middle Ages. It was around thirty inches in diameter permitting guests to sit on one side while the other side was reserved for the issuing of the meal. While there would be no family discussions across the table, family members and guests would be in a position to rub elbows, so to speak. This is implicative of socialization and explains the origins of the social term ru bbing elbows. The period spanning the 11th -13th centuries was the hallmark of civilization in The Middle Ages.Religious reform fortified the popes position in the church and Medieval society but conflict between the pope and the emperor was unavoidable. Towns and farms witnessed a population explosion with the resulting merchant or tenderness classes. An unmistakable growth and development in culture and economics prevailed. By the thirteenth century Gothic architecture reflecting the religious culture and a shift toward education and the university had reached its peak. The Medieval peasant however was slow in domesticity although he formed a large part of the noble lords domestic make-up.The peasant population, primarily do up of farmers comprised about nine-tenths of the Medieval population and were serfs and villeins. ( Nurmiainen 1998) A typical peasant resolution was comprised of anywhere from ten to threescore families. (Morrison. 1970 p. 57) Their accommodations were dr eary and rather dank in appearance, to say the very least. Their dwelling houses were usually consisted of a dark, dank hut made of wood or wicker daubed with mud and thatched with straw or rushes. (Litchfield 2004) Sharing their homes with livestock such as pigs and chicken, the straw/reed layered al-Qaedas were often defiled by livestock droppings.desiccated leaves and straw represented a typical bed and animal skins were utilized as blankets. The stove was merely a fire made of wood and sometimes peat which burned continuously on a dirt patch which was cleared out on the floor of a hut. The stagnant domesticity among the peasants reflected resonantly in the typical furnishing of the village huts. It was a simple plank table on trestles, a few stools, perhaps a chest, and probably a loom for the women to make their own cloth. (Litchfeild 2004) If peasants did anything for the growth of domesticity throughout The Middle Ages, they did it for the nobility.They existed for the sol e purpose of supporting their lord and master who in turn illustrated a steady growth toward domesticity as evidenced by the unwavering commitment of the peasant. They gave about half their time to work in his fields, cut timber, haul water, spin and weave, repair his buildings, and wait upon his household. In war, the men had to encounter at his side. (Litchfield 2004) The idea and values of domesticity are saliently present in the development and retention of the domestic servant. In this vein, the peasantry can be viewed as a reach of the latter day domestic servant.Arguably, the dictates of the master/servant mentality takes its roots back to the feudalism system that reached its peak in The Middle Ages. (Keen. 2006) Demonstrative of domesticity was the ever present table. It was a shrine to refuge and an escape from the abrasive outside world. The table represented a coming together of family and friends at the end of a day primarily dedicated to bringing meals home. The Ang lo-Saxons were no exception. Often a hall which was usually dimensionally off balance because its height was disproportionate to its width and distance was occupied by a long table made of oak.The table was formed of planks rough hewn from the forest, and which had scarcely received any polishstood pay off prepared for the evening meal. (Litchfield 2004) A typical Anglo-Saxon apartment had walls adorned with war relics, a representation of triumph and defeat as well as a desire to be reminded of those events within the snug confines of a domestic ground. The Anglo-Saxon decorum was simple with a floor made up of a earth and lime concoction not unlike todays barn floorings. It might even be viewed by modern standards as harsh and c rude.Be that as it may, it was the Anglo-Saxon taste and they obviously saw it differently. The Anglo-Saxon dwelling house contained a floor which had a raised pace about a quarter of the length of the apartment. This dais was reserved for important v isitors and family members and represented the hub of domestic activity. Typical of Medieval domestic leaning, a table profusely covered with scarlet cloth was placed transversely across the platform, from the middle of which ran the longer and demoralize board, at which the domestics and inferior persons fed, down towards the bottom of the hall. (Litchfield 2004)The entire setting of the Anglo-Saxon apartment was reflective of an escape from the outside world. It represented a warm and dry refuge and the T shaped table reflected domestic union and socialization in the home. The dais functioned to harvest a coming together, a calming of the minds and an escape from toil. Huge chairs occupied the dais and a cloth canopy hung over the collection of chairs and tables as a means of protection from leaks as rain often escaped the poorly built roof tops. (See go for 2) The dais was domesticity personified.At the upper level of the hall, the walls were shrouded by curtains and the floo r was covered by carpet of some embroidery or tapestry, although the color was rather harsh on the eyes. This color choice by no means operated to keep occupants out of the home. It was merely a matter of the fashion of the times. Its primary function was to make the home a fashionable and comfortable place as more and more time was spent at home with the emphasis on the family unit and encourage close relations with ones friends, relatives and neighbors. See figure 3) The table is deserving of further comment in that it speaks to the importance of feudalism and its infiltration of domesticity. Litchfield observed that over the lower range of table the roof had no covering, the rough plastered walls were left bare, the rude earthen floor was uncarpeted, the board was uncovered by a cloth, and rude massive benches supplied the place of chairs (Litchfield 2004) More telling however was the two chairs that occupied the upper tables center.These two chairs were elevated more so than th e other chairs and was reserved for the male female heads of the household. To each of these was added a footstool curiously carved and inlaid with ivory, which mark of distinction was peculiar to them. (Litchfield 2004) The Norman civilization began to percolate Medieval times and the citizens found themselves warring with neighboring communities. This, together with the move toward trade and migrant farming obviated the need to change residence from time to time.As noted previously this nomadic lifestyle encouraged light furnishings and the ability to travel lightly if one wanted to secure valuable possessions. The Anglo-Saxons were adamant in their perception of the necessity for a bed. The bed was reserved for royalty and ladies of nobility. However, as the Medieval period settled into a more stable state the inert growth into domesticity became more grounded. Ladies began to dress more formally, and the upper classes became more polished. New and more pronounced domestic fur nishings sprung up in the Medieval home.For instance, upper floors were added and steps would follow this alteration. Domestic socialization reached its peak with the introduction of the parloir or talking room. (Gella 2002 pps 5-10) Completing this domestic setting fire places made of brick or colliery were inserted refining the overall decorum where previously a gaping hole was utilized for escaping smoke. Even the sleeping quarters took on a new look, one of domestic harmony and comfort. Bedsteads were carved and draped with rich hangings.Armoires made of oak and enriched with carving, and Presses date from about the end of the eleventh century. (Litchfield 2004) Medieval France was no different from Anglo-Saxon decor. The domestic chamber was similar to that of the Anglo-Saxons and typical European knight and lady bedroom settings. (Kauper 1996 p 146) The prie dieu chair was generally at the bedside, and had a seat which elevate up, the lower part forming a box-like receptacl e for devotional books then so regularly used by a lady of the time. (Litchfield 2004) As the fourteenth century came to a close Medieval France and much of Europe witnessed a propensity toward loud colors. A typical room in a castle or palace was adorned with cloth of gold, bordered with vermilion velvet embroidered with roses. (Litchfield 2004) A Dukes room would contain trimmings of gold material of embroidered windmills whereas a Duchesss room would contain similar trimmings of an embroidered crossbow.Carpets were generally glossy and cushions of gold or some other rich coloring were typically placed on the floor during summer months. The time spent at home was evidenced by the detail and attention given to arm chairs of the time. Litchfield describes a typical chair for a princess as . a chamber chair with four supports, painted in fine vermilion, the seat and arms of which are covered in vermilion morocco, or cordovan, worked and stamped with designs representing the sun, bir ds, and other devices bordered with fringes of silk and studded with nails. (Litchfield 2004) As commerce developed through the Empires of The Middle Ages there was a development of the middle classes. The domestic values of the middle classes are also manifested by the furnishings and fittings of a typical home of a dealer. The retail dealers wife dressed in silk and was provided pillows adorned with buttons made of Oriental pearls for resting her arms and head. (Boissonnade 2002 pp 3-8)The chair which represents comfort and stability is prominent throughout Medieval Europe also had a place in the German community. (See figure 1) Litchfield pays homage to a typical chair of German construction of the times. The famous choir stalls in the Cathedral of Ulm, which are considered the finest work of the Swabian school of German wood carving. The magnificent panels of foliage on the front, the Gothic triple canopy are adorned with the busts of Isaiah, David, and Daniel. (Litchfield 2004)

Blood pressure and heart rate in humans

Blood blackjack and knocker ordain in humansIntroductionBlood crush is the measurement of arterial compel as a result of the contraction and liberalisation of the mall. The pressure upon the contraction of the warmth is normally defined as the systolic pressure while the pressure upon relaxation is refer rosy-cheeked to as the diastolic pressure. Both atomic number 18 measured in milliliters of mercury (mm Hg) and are most strategic in measuring a healthy business line pressure. The heart rate, which is usually expressed in beats per minute, is also important when measuring the strength and wellness of a heart. An undivided with a healthy heart will usually have a systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg (Bishop 2009). A normal heart rate is within the range of 60 bpm and 80 bpm (Weedman 2009). The most common way to measure an soulfulnesss gillyflower pressure and heart rate is with a sphygmomanometer, a machine that when used correctly is able to accurately determine a persons communication channel pressure. Both blood pressure and heart rate are unfixed and constantly changing in response to the body. Factors such as diet, exercise and physical and psychological stress can alter the arterial pressure. An individuals blood pressure will maturation when the vessels in the body constrict while the heart tries to continually pump the same amount of blood throughout the body. The blood pressure will decrease when the vessels increase in diameter and blood is able to flow through them with ease. High blood pressure is referred to as hypertension while low blood pressure is referred to as hypotension. An individuals body might react to pain or stress with an increase in blood pressure or respond to constant and frequent exercise with an over all decrease in blood pressure over a period of time. Hydration is an important part of the circulatory system. Appropriate hydration is crucial for normal body function. Hydration helps to distri simplye the necessary nutrients, regulate body temperature and dispose of waste within the body (Patterson, 2005). peeing should make up approximately 60% of an adults body weight. A lack of proper hydration can affect blood volume, plasma volume and the volume of red blood cells in the body (Costill 1974).In the investigate we designed and performed in class, we wanted to observe different factors affecting blood pressure. We asked the question, Does hydration effect an individuals blood pressure and heart rate? We then generated a testable hypothesis that the consumption of piddle will increase blood pressure as well as heart rate.Materials and Methods We began the experiment by choosing two shiftings, dependant and independent. The independent variable was ingestion of 16 ounces of water in order to hydrate an individual the dependant variable was the measured heart rate and blood pressure. We also designated our observational replicates groups. All together ther e were a total of 26 individuals in the experimental group. The perfect experimental group was divided into p appearances. When blood pressure and heart rate were taken throughout the experiment, they were taken by the individuals partner. We took three basal / resting blood pressure readings. To do so we placed the blood pressure cuff on the left arm of the individual tested and used the sphygmomanometer to determine the individuals resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as his/her heart rate. To correctly situate the pressure cuff on the arm, we assured that the cuff was placed approximately 3 cm above the elbow. We made sure there was no bulky clothing between the individuals arm and the cuff. The tube leading from the sphygmomanometer to the cuff was set(p) on the innermost side of the arm, near the brachial artery (Weedman 2009). When wrapping the pressure cuff around the arm, we assured that it was neither too snug or to loose. We pumped the cuff with the rubb er bulb until it reached 150 mm Hg. To do so required that we squeeze the bulb while our finger covered the air hole and releasing to allow the bulb to refill. Once at 150mm Hg, the sphygmomanometer gradually released the pressure until the digital reading came up on the screen. We then recorded the selective information and repeated this step two more(prenominal) times to have a total of three basal readings. After retrieving the resting blood pressure, we had the individual implement intimately two cups (16 oz) of water quickly (less than one minute) and the partner immediately took a blood pressure reading with the sphygmomanometer. We followed the initial post reading with four more readings in time intervals of three minutes switching off between partners. We recorded the systolic, diastolic, and heart rate for each of these readings. The cuff was taken off afterward each reading to allow the pressure to be reestablished in the individual between each reading. Throughout th e experiment, the info was collected by each individual and then collected and put into an excel spreadsheet. The data that was collected included each subjects basal and experimental blood pressure and heart rate readings along with the relative temperature of the water consumed ( frore or means temperature). The collected data was then analyzed using different forms of statistics. We used a T test as well as dividing relevant data into subgroups and found the range and average of the data. ResultsIn this experiment, we exposed a group of 26 individuals to dehydration and then had them consume a total of 16 ounces to rehydrate. Their blood pressure was then taken immediately as well as in intervals of three minutes for a total of twelve minutes. We predicted that hydrating an individual would increase their blood pressure and decrease the heart rate, however, we found that hydration in fact does the opposite. When organizing and reviewing the data for this experiment it is clear that our results for this experiment were relevant. Our data was calculated based on averages of pulse rates and blood pressures. Our averaged data was then organized in charts and tables that were divided into subgroups based on the temperature of the water consumed (cold, room temperature, and mysterious temperature). Finally, the ranges of each subgroup and T-tests were calculated based off of our data. We calculated three T-tests from our data. One T-test used results of average pulse rate readings from the cold, room temperature, and unknown water consumed. A nonher T-test was calculated from the average systolic results from the cold water, room temperature water, and the unknown water consumed. The final T-test used the average diastolic results from the cold water, room temperature water, and unknown water consumed. The values for each T-test can be seen in Tables 1, 2, and 3, T-tests. Because the values for each of the T-test was less than 5%, it can be concluded that the data collected levels a correlation between hydration and blood pressure and heart rate.In graph 1, the room temperature graph, the heart rate overall decreased. In graph 2, the second room temperature graph, the systolic and diastolic pressures also decreased. In the cold water heart rate graph, graph 3, the heart rate drastically increased. In graph 4, both the systolic and diastolic pressures decreased. Finally, in graph 3, the graph showing unknown temperatures of the water, the heart rate had an overall decrease. Graph 4 showed that the diastolic pressure had an overall decrease in pressure while the systolic had an overall slight increase. DiscussionOriginally, we hypothesized that blood pressure and heart rate would be affected by hydration. We predicted that an increase in hydration would proportionally increase the blood pressure and heart rate. Our results do to some extent jump out our hypothesis and predictions. Our results show that hydration does affect blood pressu re and heart rate. Our data collected generally shows that hydration, over a short period of time, will overall decrease the arterial pressures (systolic and diastolic) as seen in Graphs 2, 4, and 6. The data in each subgroup also shows that pulse rate will be affected differently by different temperatures of water. When ingesting cold water, the pulse rate generally increases, while those that consumed room temperature water have a decreased pulse rate as seen in Graph 1 and 3. A hypothesis that would correctly support the results of this experiment would be, Hydration (the consumption of water) will decrease blood pressure while cold water will increase heart rate. Though this hypothesis is accurately supported by the results, this hypothesis may also be incorrect. One way it can be intractable that our results wholly support our hypothesis is the value of the T-tests calculated for this experiment. The value of the T-tests based off of the average pulse rate, systolic pressure, and diastolic pressure were all under 5%. This shows low variability within the experiment and suggests that our experimental results are valid. Because the T-test was below 5%, it can be concluded that our results from this experiment are significant. Our results support the fact that hydration does decrease blood pressure. After much research, it is shown that, dehydration and blood pressure are linked that it is not aging that leads to High Blood Pressure, but rather dehydration. (Healthy Water 2007). Our results for our experiment relate to this statement because our data shows that hydration lowers blood pressure, and inversely suggests that dehydration would do the opposite by increasing blood pressure. When an individual is dehydrated, their blood vessels compensate the lack of water by contracting and heightening blood pressure. When an individual is sufficiently hydrated their vessels are filled with a towering blood volume that holds the vessels open and relaxed while transporting water to fundamental organs and systems throughout the body. There were many weaknesses and blots in our experiment and experimental design. One flaw in experimental design was the lack of a control group. Though basal readings were taken prior to the experiment, there was no separate group that was not treated with the independent variable and measured throughout the experiment. Also, our experiment was done in a hurry that could have affected the blood pressure and heart rate throughout the experiment. The sphygmomanometers that were used often came up with error which may have contributed to the insignificance of our data. Finally, there was no way of measuring the level of dehydration of the experimental group prior to drinking the 16 ounces of water. The data will vary with the different levels of hydration and without knowing the exact level of hydration of each individual it would be impractical to group them together. Though our results did not match our hyp othesis, they were comparable to similar experiments. Our data did show that an increase in hydration will decrease blood pressure. However, our data and experimental design is neither accurate or acceptable due to errors in experimental design and experimental flaws.Literature CitedBishop T. 2009.Measuring Blood Pressure. Practice Nurse 38 11-16.Costill DL, Dill DB. 1974. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. Journal of Applied Physiology 37 247-248.Healthy Water. 2007. Dehydration and Blood Pressure disorders are linked. http//www.healthy-water-best-filters.com/dehydration-blood-pressure.html. February 20, 2009.Patterson SM, Rochette LM. 2005. Hydration military position and cardiovascular function effects of hydration enhancement on cardiovascular function at rest and during psychological stress. International Journal of Psychophysiology 56 81-91.Weedman D, Sokoloski ES. 2009. biological science of Organisms. 5th Edition. M ason, OH Cengage Learning. P 173-184.

Scandinavian History And Society Politics Essay

Scandinavian History And Society Politics EssayScandinavian countries involve enjoyed an international reputation for combining unselfish welfare state entitlements with rapid economic growth, low unemployment and very high levels of labour force participation, particularly among women.1The Path for the emergence of Scandinavian countries to becoming a welfare state was not easy and it is several(predicate) from each(prenominal) other country Scandinavian countries. Throughout the twentieth century, the scope of social planning in Scandinavia continuously ex-panded, with the aim of achieving balanced economic and social developing-that is to say, economic growth as well as social justice. Thus, fighting poverty went hand in hand with state institution building for social and economic growth as well as political democracy, and was pioneered by broad-based popular social movements2.Sweden Sweden has induce known as the prototype for the Social Democratic welfare state. Since arou nd 1960, the modern Swedish social security system was built on a combination of universalism, i.e. that social rights encompassed all inhabitants and income security, guaranteeing the standard of living for those who for some reason could not continue to clear3. The late 19th century for Sweden brought lots of internal problem which were connected with the social issues such as poverty, emigration, economic and social lack of assurance, industrialization, urbanization and capitalistic system for wage labour. As other Nordic countries Sweden was also dominated by the big proportion of rural population more(prenominal) than 50 % who were the tax payer and had a key role in the political system mostly live in the country side had farms and basically dependent upon agricultural, fishery and forestry with some insurances but the question raised for the urban working class who were the suffering one. This struggle was strictly genderized. Social welfare and more economic efficiency w ere the main motto during 1946-1950 with a proper macrocosm gift and general health insurance with compulsory schooling for the children. 1950-60 were the part of economic crises in Swedish history. 1960-70 child care, old age people health care was specially focused by the government and also blocket in 1968 with a 4 week vacation and expansion secondary school and universities. 1970-80 rock oil crises which expanded the problems in Sweden. 1980s- 2000 where the era of economic development or we can say more focused on economic development. Changing the society, medical development and neo-liberal Ideas of Carl Bildt has supported the emergence of Swedish welfare state.Norway The emergence and the development of a welfare state in Norway as associated with the labour party government subsequently the Second World War. The Norwegian welfare state is a product of the policy of the Norwegian Social Democratic Party. Such an assertion has certain relevance, but it must be consider ed in the light of the time-span within which one places the establishment and moulding of the welfare state4. Period from 1935-1978 were considered as the golden age of Norway and the 1880-1935 were the bottom of welfare state in Norway. The local councils play an integral part in Norwegian welfare system because local self-direction was very very much appreciated and democratized of politics taken at early stage. At early stage farmer were the dominating political factor support the local autonomy and establish the laws how the community is going to develop. A concept was developed in farmers and general habitual to helping people to help themselves which drive individual to work by own pay their debt by own self and be self-reliant. The social care act bill (1845-1964) self help and self faith was the core of the bill which was for the mutual support and responsibility among the families. The Norwegian welfare model is type of comprehensive because it is based on universal prescript it is benefiting each and every strata of the Norwegian society. Another important feature of the Norwegian welfare state is that cash support from the National security system (folktrygden) is based on ones income, that is, in relation to ones salary in the labour market. Furthermore, the public sector is responsible for the social welfare goods or services. These services are being delivered by the communes and state or private organisations that receive public aids under strict public control. There is always a political struggle to block up the development in the commercialisation of these public goods that the public delivers.5Sweden and Norway had two motives first to create a contemporary identity which are echoed from the past and the rationalist instrumental to bound the democratic movement and namely given in shape of training of mature human being to increase the participation in the countrys public affair. In both the countries during the time of introduction of welfare state term the rural farmer were the dominating factor and tax payers. With a view to the worn down conditions with the party co-operation with the farmers and in light of the fact it was through the support of the farmers parties that the social democratic party in both Sweden and Norway6social democratic parties on the land were Sweden was considered as the exception were as Norway was very much close to the development in Europe even though most of the democrats on the region stayed outside. It was someways hard to explain the Norwegian radicalism. Conversely it is practicable to view the situation in Sweden as opposite of bulls perception namely that the working class was more oriented or action oriented in Sweden then in Norway7. Sweden and Norway turned themselves from a small, revolutionary, class struggle parties to the big, national, unifying parties and worked for modernization program in their respective countries. The social democrats in Sweden and Norway turned to reformism and won the strong positions. In 1919 Norden organization in which Norway, Denmark and Sweden work together for the mutual enlightenment and cultural co-operation among Scandinavian countries. They both share the Scandinavian identity and they have an extensive network of labor movement and academic world there is a strong proclivity to copy each other.Old age care and public pensions, which tend to benefit females more than males since the longevity for females is significantly longer than for males8. 1914 Sweden introduced public pension scheme. The pension include old age pension and disabilility pension which were compulsory the pension were given after the age of 67 or earlier if person is unavailing to do work. The Norwegian public pension is formed on the same theme as the Swedish insurance scheme. The reform in Norway is inspired by the Swedish pension reform, in part by changing over to a lifetime-based pension earning and by introducing a flexible pen sion which is neutral in design.9The reform look identical at a first glance but from closer context the variety shows. Norwegian pension system is traditional social insurance while Swedish traditional one pay as you system in which financial risk are transferred from state to individual. difference in outcome of the two countries reform processes is probably best explained by different perceptions on future crisis in the old age pension system, and of course, the different national economic position of the two countries. By transforming the petrol fortune into a pension fund, Norway has secured a financial buffer for future pension payments that is already six times as high per capita than the Swedish financial buffer.10Conclusion Specific historical social and economic structural configurations in Scandinavia may have been conducive to the development of a participatory political culture, consensus building (compare with the political compromises of the 1930s), a strong role of local and central government, and the overall support for the principle of universalism (education, health and social security). But the uniqueness of the Scandinavian historical experience does not rule out an assessment of the implications of developing governmental capacity and institutions for promoting welfare, and for the possible positive implications of the principle of universal policies for the general level of welfare.11Trust is a fundamental prerequisite for the welfare state. If we didnt trust one another, the whole model that the Scandinavian societies are built around would collapse even before it was implemented.12

Examples Of Green Technology Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Examples Of Green Technology Methods Environmental Sciences EssayGreen engine room is a continuously evolving group of methods of victimisation materials that be cosmos disposed of and recycling them to be usaged for close to other things that will non harm the environment. Building materials and landscaping ar just a couple of things that sess be done with waste materials. Things that can be cycled so that we can recycle them for generating nix to nontoxic averageing products and other non- catastrophic things-things that could/can be harmful to our planet, ozone, and environment. We postulate to find things that we can do to help clean up our environment and planet before we tout ensemble destroy what is left of it. By using verdure engineering, we can meet the needs of society in ways that will continue indefinitely into the future and without damaging or depleting natural resources. (Green technology, 2010)Examples of green technology are energy, green expressio n, environmentally preferred purchasing, green chemistry, and green nanotechnology. All of these resources can commemorate our planet clean and we will be able to recycle smartly. We will be able to use, then re-use, as needed. As we build and use, we will be able to tear subjugate what we fill built and reuse the waste for other things.According to Green-technology.org, here are the definitions of the examples from aboveEnergy the development of alternative fuels, new mover of generating energy and energy efficiency.Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a building is located.Environmentally Preferred Purchasing (EPP) government innovation that involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production have the underageest possible disturb on the environment and mandates that these be the preferred products for government purchasing.Green-chemistry the invention, design, and use of chemical products and process es to reduce or eliminate the use and generation of insecure substances.Green nanotechnology the application of green chemistry and green engineering principals in the field of manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometer (one billionth of a meter).Green energy is the use of alternative energy other than gasoline. One such alternative is ethanol and corn fuels. These burn cleaner than gas and, in todays automobiles these fuels even provide greater fuel mileage. This has been a concern of consumers for a long time. However, in older model cars, these types of fuels do not work and dry out piston ring but car manufacturers are remedying this and designing cars to run on ethanol and corn fuels. This technology is already being used today. Even battery ply cars are on the roads cars that dont use any type of fuel except battery creator. This is another form of green technology.Solar heat and power are another form of energy that is green. Solar heat can be captured to hea t water. This type of energy is already being implemented in the creative activity today. Solar panels capture the suns heat and this is used to heat water plus used for power to run lights in plates. Some homes are totally powered by solar panels as are prototype solar cars. Even geothermal energy is used in certain geographical areas of the world to run generators by steam. Wind power also runs many items, including homes that would normally rely on electricity to power lights, appliances, etc. Manyfields of roam turbines are being built in areas of the world to take advantage of constant winds to provide economical and sustainable energy. (EzineArticles, 2010, para. 4)Another source of green energy would be the use of a Magnetic Power Generator (MPG). This would produce free energy indefinitely and power a whole house. This device would not cost much to build-not thousands of dollars-and if you are a do it yourself type of person, you could make one for fairly cheap.According to Greendepot.com, Green building practices, as well as the selection of the appropriate building materials, revolve somewhat a few basic principles of science. (Greendepot, 2010). Using recycled materials to build will result in a totally green building with all parts of the building originating from recycled material from the floor to the walls, ceilings, cabinets, and even furniture can be made from recycled material and when old, can be recycled again.Not tho can we build from recycled materials but we can do just about anything with those materials from building homes to landscaping. One material that is being used for home building is called Durisol. These are hollow-core blocks that are made from mineralized wood shavings and portland cement, stacked into walls then finished with reinforcing steel and concrete. (Greendepot, 2010)Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP) helps the federal government acquire green and uses the governments buying power to stimulate market d emand for green products and services. (epa.gov, 2010) It helps agencies within the federal government comply with green requirements and agencies are directed by federal law and such to purchase things with the environment in mind. The EPA created the EPP in 1993 to help meet the already mentioned requirements.Green chemistry reduces or eliminates the use of hazardous substances. It applies across the life cycle of a chemical product, including its design, manufacture, and use (epa.gov, 2010) It reduces or eliminates negative environmental impact and is an effective approach to pollution prevention because it applies solutions to environmental problems and situations.The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry was originally published by Paul Anastas and John Warner in Green Chemistry Theory and Practice (Oxford University Press novel York, 1998) and provides a guide for chemists to implement Green Technology (epa.org, 2010). The twelve principles are as followsPreventionAtom EconomyLess Hazardous Chemical synthesisDesigning Safer ChemicalsSafer Solvents and AuxiliariesDesign for Energy EfficiencyUse of Reusable FeedstockReduce DerivativesCatalysisDesign for DegradationReal-time Analysis for Pollution Preventioninherently Safer Chemistry for Accidental Prevention(Anastas, P.T Warner, J.C. Green, 1998)Currently, China is a world leader in the manufacture of solar panels and research into carbon capture, the process of burning scorch season not emitting greenhouse gases. This country is providing a model of how countries should foster a green economy.(RONAN McGREEVY. (2010,November13)Nanotechnology is defined as the art and science of manipulating matter at the nanoscale to create new and unique products and materials. (Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, 2010). The nanoscale is the scale of atoms and molecules. As products are made using the nanometer-scale, there is a growing demand for this technology to help clean up the environment by reducing pollution and trying to produce a cleaner environment and economy. It is easier than we may think.Experiments with nanotechnology are chance all the time. Using this nanotechnology, science has been experimenting on all types of things. From using DNA molecules in processes to building nanoscale patterns on silicon chips and other surfaces to print things (versus lithography) to removing arsenic in a solution base and by being able to detect pollutants at the level of parts per billion. (Project on Emerging Technology nano (2007, April 26).Nanotechnology has opened promise routes to improving and lowering the cost of fuel cells and is leaning toward tools for removing toxic and hazardous materials in waste sites. This kind of technology is essential if we are going to clean up our planet and it is a growing technology to be sure and, according to Lux Research, in 2005, more than $30 billion in nanotech products were change globally. This figure is estimated to grow to $2.6 trillion by the ye ar 2014.Green technology is an every-growing technology to find what is best for our planet and its continued survival and evolution. We cannot continue down the path we started on years and years ago or we will not have a planet that will sustain life. Using green technology will allow us to clean up our rivers, lakes and waterways as well as our environment. Recycling is one way to do this. Not only does this help us use waste materials but it keeps these waste materials out of dumps and landfills.Even appliances are going green. A plug, developed by 2 brothers, called the GreenPlug, plugs into a normal wall outlet, between the wall and the appliance, and stops excess power to the appliance. It stops the flow of unused energy to the appliance thus parsimony on energy and power. The GreenPlug helps appliances cut down on the amount of energy that they consume and it will add to the life of older appliances as well. in that respect are hopes that green technology can jump-start the economy which has been failing and struggling. By implementing green technology, it is going to be the next global job and wealth creation engine. (McNally, S., 2009)But green technology has a long way to go before it can become a key in the economy. It has not been around long enough to make an effect as yet. Green technology is still so new that it is going to take a long while before it will put any kind of dent in the recession we are currently in. It is going to take a lot of endeavor on the parts of companies both small and large.Green technology will more than likely come first to the health and transportation sector as both are made more efficient by governments. The economic downturn makes companies more susceptible to change and change, like green technology, will credibly be embraced quickly because of the openness for change that is currently felt all over the world.There are so many ways that we have already begun to use this technology. The postal service in Key Wes t, Florida, for example, has begun using electric delivery carts instead of automobiles. Not only the postal service but other government agencies as well are trying to make transportation eco-friendly. other(a) areas are seeing solar power as an alternative to electricity. There are solar powered homes, businesses, and just recently, electronics are becoming solar powered. Like the worlds first solar powered keyboard made my Logitech. It is also wireless which means it can be completely recharged just by putting it in the sun or any other light source. Every part of the keyboard, including the packaging, is reclaimable making the first green keyboard.As we continue to evolve, so does the world around us. In order for this world and planet to get cleaned up, we need to keep experimenting with the things that will ultimately make this world cleaner and better. All the cleaning up in the world makes no difference if we do not have a plan to turn green and make things eco-friendly.We will always have some sort of solid waste but even some of that can be turned into something that is usable and reusable. Even sewage can be used as a means of a heat source. cleansing up our planet is of the utmost importance and finding new way to do that can be done. Recycling and e-cycling need to be important and we need to pursue and continue to pursue every avenue until this planet goes totally green. That is our future our goal.Social awareness about the need for cleaner, environmentally-friendly products and services is crucial if we are to clean up our environment. Academically, green technology needs to be taught to our children as well as learning about it ourselves. It should be mandatory that our children be taught not only our elementary children but college students as well.The industrial segment needs to be pushed forward to come out with more environment-friendly production and consumption processes. sundry(a) incentives need to be given to the industrial sector, which is ready to innovate and implement green technology. (Green technology is the future at large.(2010,November14). Businesses need to man up and do their part as well by going green and having their employees do the same and give incentives for doing so. We all have to start somewhere and the big and small businesses need to do their part too.By recycling products that we use every day, we come closer to turning our environment green and cleaning up our world. Other countries need to know this technology and need to implement it. Without the technology, we will inevitably end up destroying ourselves and our planet. Going green with green technology is the only feasible conclusion.