College Admission Essay Topics To Avoid

College Admission Essay Topics To Avoid The scholarship can be used to cover tuition, housing, books, or any education-related expenses. The monthly winner will be determined by random drawing and then contacted directly and announced in Niche's e-newsletter and on the Scholarship Winners page. You can apply once each month, with a new winner selected every month. Profiles and school selections in real-time by applicants to leading MBA programs, providing a continuously updated feed of who is choosing which schools based on their options. The MBA degree provides candidates with the tools, skills, networks and opportunities to advance their current career or switch their career path in a new direction. This section explains how to complete the 'Supporting Documents' tab of the application form, and the requirements for supporting documents. This section of the Application Guide covers how to provide references as part of your application. This section covers when to apply, how to start an application, and how to complete the first two tabs of the application form. This guide explains how to apply for graduate study at Oxford, including how to complete the application form and provide supporting documents. These a la carte options are best for people who need help with just one or a few elements of their application. You will be notified whenever we publish a new blog post. If you have been accepted in the upcoming class and you are ready to become a Falcon, you can submit your enrollment deposit to reserve your spot! Use the link below to send your deposit electronically through our safe and secure online payment system. I started working with Michaela the summer before senior year. I applied early to Case Western as soon as the application opened. It was a relief to be done with applications so early in the cycle. This way I could concentrate on senior year and my AP classes. Meet the counselors who will guide you in gaining acceptance at your top-choice university. For those looking to use the degree to expand their career opportunities, understanding which business school programs provide the greatest access to which careers is critical. demonstrate interest and personal initiative in activities involving intercultural learning and exchange. The $2,000 “No Essay” Scholarship is an easy scholarship with no essay required! Deposits are refundable until May 1 for fall enrollment and November 1 for spring enrollment. Pfeiffer builds upon this solid foundation, providing you the personal attention and experience you need to graduate fully equipped for your future career. We’re more than 150 top colleges and universities committed to improving access to higher education. Use our free, college-planning tools to learn about, prepare for, and apply to college. Scott Edinburghis a Wharton MBA and MIT Sloan BS graduate and founded Personal MBA Coach 13 years ago with the goal of providing customized one-on-one support. BYU-Idaho values suggestions and ideas that can improve the university. Use our Feedback Form to let us know what you think. After you start an application, you can save your progress and return to it. This is a guide to making an application in , and cannot be used to apply in later years. Guidance for applications in will be available from September 2020. This section explains how to complete the 'Declaration' tab of the application form and pay the application fee. Lisa, Thank you so, so much for all your help, I couldn’t be more grateful! My parents are finally chilling, they were worried that I was calmer than them throughout the entire process. Utah State University has three residential campuses, 30+ locations across the state, and nationally ranked online degree programs. USU is affordable, accessible and waiting for your application. The first step to Aggie life is only a few clicks away. SCHOOL PROFILESIn-depth, independent profiles of every leading business school. Get the latest insider tips, news, deadlines, for your target schools.

The Issue of Teen Pregnancy - 1458 Words

Teen pregnancy The issue of teen pregnancy is a fact that can no longer be overlooked in terms of its magnitude in the society today. Despite the widespread sex education and peer counseling and guidance, there still is a wide prevalence of teen pregnancy, a challenge that does not only affect the teenagers but the society at large. Effects of teen pregnancy The aspect of teen pregnancy is one of the most challenging situations to be in as a young person as it could interrupt flow of school activities in their lives and other plans. It can also result into an emotional crisis as the teenager will feel ashamed of themselves and get into fear and if not controlled they may be subdued by the pressure from the daily environment. The stress of breaking the news to the parent may be overwhelming and the steps towards getting help may be difficult and futile (Adoption Media, 2012). America Teen pregnancy rate There are therefore various factors that must be taken into consideration when talking about teen pregnancy. There are a few facts that Opposing Views (2012) present that need to be looked at keenly in order to understand the position that the USA is at when it comes to teen pregnancy. It is indicated therein that the USA stand at the top of the list for teen pregnancy among the industrialized world peers. It is estimated that one third of the girls in the USA will get pregnant before they are 20 years of age. It is also estimated that there are 750,000 cases ofShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1722 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishing her equality and worth in the eyes of her male counterpart. But although she may have broken many barriers and achieved great accomplishments, there are still some deep rooted issues which continue to affect her in a most insidious manner. One of the issues that women face in the United States is teen pregnancy which is still an enormous problem that needs to be addressed. The rates are still higher than they were only a decade ago. Becoming a parent permanently and profoundly alters a teenagerRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesled to fewer teen births. It is thought to be that when teens tune into the show, they learn to practice safer sex. â€Å"16 and Pregnant† was named one of the best ways to campaign about the issue of teen pregnancy. The show was a way to attack the issue of teen pregnancy head on. Comparing to all fully developed countries, the U.S, has the highest rates of teen pregnancy. This was seen as a major problem to many that was aware of the problem. Even though the number of teen pregnancies was high, thereRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1082 Words   |  5 Pagesfifteen. Statistics say that seven out of ten girls that get pregnant while still in high school will drop out. Seventy percent of girls will drop out of school. In 2013, 273,105 babies were born to girls aged 15-19. That’s a terrifying number, but teen pregnancy rates are lower than ever before. Being part of the thirty percent that made it through high school, I will say one thing: the reason I made it through all four years (that’s right, there was never a moment of my high school career in which IRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1391 Words   |  6 Pagesyear. At least sixty percent of pregnancies result in births, thirty percent are abortions, and fifteen percent are miscarriages. About twenty-five percent of teen moms have another child within twenty four months of their first kid. Teen pregnancy is a problem in many parts of the world. But the United States has the highest teen pregnancy rate among any other country. Only about fifty percent of teen moms actually gr aduate high school, and less than two percent of teen moms earn a college degree byRead MoreThe Issue Of Teen Pregnancy1739 Words   |  7 Pagesbaby. In developed countries like the United States of America, Great Britain, Canada, France and Sweden all deal with teenage pregnancies. The only difference between these countries is the percentage of teen pregnancy each country has. Each country has similar methods of birth control, and the only difference is the rate between all five developed countries. Teen pregnancy is a major concern in today’s society; there are many limiting reasons that do not allow people to access contraceptives, andRead MoreTeen Pregnancy : A Social Issue1371 Words   |  6 PagesTeen pregnancy is a very controversial social issue and the vast majority of Americans consider the outrageous rate of teen pregnancies a severe issue, certainly a problematic occurrence that is believed to be a moral decline in our country. Teenagers are physiologically ca pable of reproducing but not emotionally or financially prepared to be parents at such a tender age. Through various research studies a plethora of determinants has pin pointed teens unprecedented pregnancies. One cause of thisRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is A Serious Issue982 Words   |  4 PagesThe social issue I will be addressing throughout my paper is teen pregnancy. The term teen pregnancy is referring to teens between the ages of 13-19 who become pregnant (Akella Jordan, 2015). Despite the fact that teen pregnancy rates have dropped within the past twenty years, United States continues to have the highest rates of teen pregnancy in comparison to all other developed nations ( Akella Jordan, 2015). Teen pregnancy is a serious issue for a multiplicity of reasons. A teenager who hasRead MoreControlling the Issue of Teen Pregnancy635 Words   |  3 PagesTeen pregnancy is a problem that is plaguing the U.S., as well as other countries. This social problem affects teens of ever y ethnic and economic background. Before we discuss what some organizations are doing to help, let’s look at some of statistics surrounding teen pregnancy. Even though this is a serious problem, the good news is that teen birth rates in the United States have dropped almost continuously since the early 1990s — including a six percent drop from 2011 to 2012 — further decreasingRead MoreThe Social Issue Regarding Teen Pregnancy756 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose: The social issue regarding teen pregnancy is still very prevalent in the United States. Teen pregnancy is a huge issue because it is known to have a negative effect on the mother and most importantly the child. An initial study was conducted on two teenage mothers prior to having their child. The researcher wanted to further investigate the same population for a better understanding of teenage motherhood. The purpose of case study was to examine the perceptions of two adolescent mothersRead MoreTeen Pregnancy Is Becoming More Of An Issue992 Words   |  4 PagesTeen pregnancy is becoming more of an issue in young Americans nowadays as we are the generation starting this we must attempt to slow down the process. Pregnancy is the period from conception to birth. After the egg is fertilized by a sperm and then implanted in the lining of the uterus later developing into a placenta and embryo to become a fetus and grow (the free dictionary). The miracle of life; teens seem to be experiencing this way to early on in life; Statistics show that in 2013 a total

Cultural competence Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Burundi had applied for the grants but its proposal was not approved for the grant in the last two years. Hence this year we welcome and encourage Burundi to apply for the grant. Next, the country must have at least five registered nonprofit charitable organizations having broad experience in the field of community food works like providing food to the poor and low income people in the country, providing untiring efforts to reduce food insecurity among communities, distributing food to people at times of natural calamities, and many more (â€Å"Community food projects, † 2014). These organizations must have achieved at least one hunger free community goal. These are the three most important criteria that a country would demonstrate to be considered for the grant. International organizations such as CARE as well as indigenous NGOs operate in Burundi in the hunger eradication sector. So, these Non-profit organizations that are focused towards hunger eradication may apply and ar e eligible for the grant from WHEGO. Eligible organizations may include state level non-profit organizations, national level non-profit organizations, faith based organizations, and community based organizations (â€Å"Request for proposal, † 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural competence or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Also the organizations eligible for official tax exemptions are eligible to apply for the grant (â€Å"Request for proposal, † 2011). Why we have selected such organizations is that, these organizations are highly regulated entities with strict rules and governing principles. Not a part of their earnings or the granted funds can benefit an official of the organization or any other private individual and every single penny from the grant would reach the destitute people through these organizations thereby fulfilling our motto. These organizations are required to submit a duplicate of their internal revenue status determination letter and a proof for their tax exempt status, database about their board of directors, and the recent audit reports and financial statements duly signed by the treasurer of the board along with their proposal (â€Å"Request for proposal, † 2011). This would help our committee members in the review process for aw arding the grant to those organizations. In order to win the grant, there are certain requisites to be incorporated into the progress report or proposal submitted by the organization proposing the innovative project that would end hunger. First, it is important to include a brief summary of the entire proposal so that it would give a short yet complete idea about the project’s proposal (Marrs, n.

All Men and Women have the Right to the American Dream

The American Dream has been the guiding belief of our western society since the United States Declaration of Independence; all men are created equal, having the same rights and opportunities to prosper. Furthermore, American prosperity is usually shown by the ownership of a home. With ownership of a home, an individual becomes put of a community and contribute to the betterment of his or her community. The members within the community have a sense of belonging with interdependence on one another while working together to be a productive society. For example, providing jobs, education, medical services, and the necessities needed to maintain the community. The survival of a community is maintaining a delicate balance that primarily hinges on economic factors. Economic factors such as disappearing jobs, high costs of living, and high unemployment cause hardship within the community. Over an extended period of time, the economic factors will ultimately destroy the foundation of th e community, the homeowners. The Homeowners will be forced to give up their American Dream and be forced to leave their homes. Homelessness doesn’t differentiate but effects individuals from all walk of life such as; families with children, military veterans, victims of domestic violence, the working poor, and the mentally ill, just to name a few. Homelessness is influenced by not only by economic factors; it includes social, medical, and political factors as well, however, everyShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther King Jr. Is A Famous Figure In African American1416 Words   |  6 Pagesis a famous figure in African American and American history. He is one of the most celebrated African Americans who lead the Black Civil Rights Movement to fight for the equality and freedom for African Americans. The speech I Have a Dream is King’s most famous speech, which helped African Americans fight for their rights of equality. The I Have a Dream speech purpose was to seek equalit y among blacks and whites, while feminism discusses equality among men and women. The rhetorician perspectiveRead MoreWomen And The American Dream1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Dream is the belief that every person in the United States has an equal opportunity to become successful. However, some people are not entitled to the American Dream. Many Americans are not treated equally under the law. Some of the groups lose their right to vote, have a more difficult time finding jobs, or are a group that has been forgotten by politicians. The American Dream is a controversial issue today because many groups in America have claimed that they have not received theRead MoreAmerican Women - A Battle Across All Fronts1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream - accomplishing greatness with only the clothes on one’s back (also known as the ideal success story) - has been greatly influenced by the role women have played in American History. Women were key in the education of future generations in America and were responsible for instilling true Republican values in them; this process would later be known as Republican Motherhood. Throughout American History, men found women worthy of only one main task: child rearing. This view of womenRead MoreWomen’s Income Inequality and The American Dream Essay1358 Words   |  6 Pageswhat America was all about, the American dream. The American dream that everyone is equal and has equal opportunities. Although a big part of what goes on in the Untied States that just doesn’t fit the American dream; women are unequal in the work place. They are put under what is known as the â€Å"Glass Ceiling†. Women do not get promoted in the work place and aren’t getting equal pay as men. This also leads to wag gap between the men and women. Both create income inequality for women and affect theirRead MoreThe American Dream Is A Goal, Hope, And / Or Plan For The Future1461 Words   |  6 PagesT he American Dream is a goal that is specific to and can only be achieved in America. A dream is defined as a goal, hope, and/or plan for the future. In this case, this dream is only available for people living in the United States of America. In America, there are more jobs, a good education system, and the country is safer than most. Also, America says to have equal rights for women which is not always the case in other countries. All of these things attract people who do not have access to themRead MoreAmerican Dreams And The American Dream1728 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans have been dreaming since the Mayflower arrived in the New World and the American Dream itself has withstood threats up until this very day to all of its internal characteristics: international peace, health, leadership, wealth, supremacy, and equality. H.W. Brands states in his book American Dreams that â€Å"Americans had dreamed since our national birth, and in the twenty-first century we are dreaming sti ll†. Both Brands’ story and Nathaniel Philbrick’s account in Mayflower assist significantlyRead MorePrejudice Essay : Prejudice And Racism862 Words   |  4 PagesStereotypes aren’t the only thing. Not everyone gets to live the American Dream because of their race beliefs. People struggle feeding their families at the end of the day because they couldn’t get a better job because of their skin tone. Others can’t go to certain places without getting judged because they have hijabs on. People can be very prejudice against women, too. Women can’t live the American Dream to the fullest because men think they belong in a certain place. They shouldn’t do certainRead MoreThe American Dream1017 Words   |  5 PagesI believe the American Dream is living in a house , having a stable job , enough money to do whatever you would like and lastly to live happy. The American Dream is also to go to school and have freedom of speech. America d oes not provide access to the American Dream for everyone because everyone does not have the same opportunities as others to go to school and have a good job, in America people discriminate others of different race and for being a woman. Through Yezierska and Noda , we come toRead MoreAmerican Dream In The Great Gatsby Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages19th amendment was ratified, giving women the right to vote. Before the 1920s change occurred slowly but during the 1920s changes occurred rapidly. The American Dream is defined as the promise of prosperity for Americans who work hard, regardless of race, class, gender and on April 10, 1925 The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, was published showing that this wasnt always true. Fitzgerald shows in the book that some people cheat their way into the American Dream and succeed in doing so, but theyRead MoreWalter Lafeber s Michael Jordan And The New Global Capitalism1511 Words   |  7 PagesSpanning from the 1940s to present-day the A merican dream, and American system, have been shaped by factors such as communism, immigration, poverty, racial tensions, and also war. America’s dream of, if one is to work hard enough that they shall be able to achieve great things, took yet another turn to exclude certain races, women, and the lower classes. In Walter LaFeber’s Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism, capitalism is seen through the eyes of basketball, and LaFeber argues that capitalism

Emotionalizing Fashion Retail Norderstedt-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Emotionalizing Fashion Retail Norderstedt? Answer: Introduction Big W is an Australian based discount chain retail store. Currently the store has 186 stores in Australia and Asia. It is the dominant biggest physical retail store in Australia. In November 206, there were speculations about its future that arose due to loses reported in August 2016. We are asking ourselves what happened? The case is they did not keep up with technology that was fast evolving and several competing company were switching to e- commerce. Future of Retail Stores According to Stra?hle, (2015), the needs and preferences of people in this generation when it comes to shopping are fast changing due to the speed at which technology is fast evolving and the perspective of businesses looks clearer now. It has become a necessity for retailers to either keep up with these changes or they will be shaped out. How will the future of retail store actually look like? Some key points are discussed below. Quicker and faster- consumers are shifting their preferences to quick and easy shopping. Convenience and speed will be the crucial and important features characterizing a top retailing. Personalization- this will be an essential distinctive feature in retail practices. Internet of things (IOT) has enabled many devise to communicate with each other and with other different devices. These devices are able to keep track on how they are being used and send these data to retailers in order to facilitate them identify customer preferences. Easy buy, easy pay- In the near future new technologies will facilitate development of payments modes which are more secure and fast. Organizations have been dealing with biometric data to facilitate secure payments through scanning of biometric features in future. The object is more or less similar; to enable shopping exercise faster, smoother and safer. (Klanten, Ehmann Borges, 2015). Use of social networks- retailing will start encroaching into social media platforms like Facebook, twitter and so on. Retailers will be able to add buy buttons on their social sites so as to enables customers to shop right there. This will facilitate the retailers to reach a larger group of people and this makes shopping experience more fun, social, convenient and easier. M-commerce- a lot of people currently are using smartphones across the world. This will facilitate development of mobile point of sale (mPOS) that will reach a greater number of consumers speeding up transactions. (Stephens, 2017). Conclusion Internet of things has taken shopping to another level. It has facilitated ordering and doing shopping whenever and wherever you are and products are delivered right at your door step. Online shopping has made shopping easy, convenient and fun. According to Cambron, (2014) there is no need to physically visit a store to buy your products. However, this mode of shopping doesnt guarantee product quality and in case of any technical failure on their website or any malpractice like hacking it can compromise the operation of the business at a greater impact. Recommendation Millennials are the biggest and fast growing group of consumers at the moment. Pro-active retailer should shift their energy to these group of customers because they form the largest market. Retailers like Big W should therefore, keep up with the fast evolving technology so as to meet the needs of these emerging consumer groups in future. This group of consumers have a tendency of being faithful to products and brands that mean the right principles including social responsibility, transparency and authenticity. If Big W and other retail stores keep this in mind, then their future is bright otherwise they will be shaped out Reference List KLANTEN, R., EHMANN, S., BORGES, S. (2015).The Shopkeepers Storefront Businesses and the Future of Retail. Berlin, Die Gestalten Verlag. STEPHENS, D. (2017).Reengineering retail: the future of selling in a post-digital world. Figure 1 Publishing. CAMBRON, S. (2014).The Secret to Retail: the Secret to Success in Retail. Cork, BookBaby. STRA?HLE, J. (2015).Emotionalizing Fashion Retail. Norderstedt, Books on Demand.

Woodstock Research Paper free essay sample

Danielle Krum May 30, 2011 Research Final Woodstock 1969 Every memory of the summer of 1969 is connected to, in one way or another, the historical event, Woodstock. The festival could not have left more of an impact on the â€Å"hippie† generation anymore than it did those three days of music and peace. The generation of the time wanted nothing more than what they got out of Woodstock. Today, people still look back on the festival and think of how well it made history without the expectance of doing so.Woodstock, one of the most important cultural events of the 20th century, combined iconic musical acts with interesting social behavior. In 1969, a group of men set up a music festival, known as Woodstock, which lasted for three, long, peaceful, and music oriented days that involved an abundant amount of sex, drugs, and poor management. â€Å"Many remember Woodstock primarily as a disaster, as it was officially pronounced, a monument to faulty planning, a testament to the limitations and hypocrisies of hippie idealism, a nightmare of absurdities, ironies, and incongruities† (Cooke 177). We will write a custom essay sample on Woodstock Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Woodstock was originally planned to be a moneymaking event by John Roberts and Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfirld, and Michael Lang, but due to the poor planning, the event brought forth no money and a lot of debt. The event took place in Bethel, New York from August 15th to August 17th. â€Å"Attended by 450,000 people, it is remembered as the high point of the ‘peace and love’ ethos of the period, largely because of the disaster that the over-crowding, bad weather, feed shortages, supposed ‘bad acid’ (LSD), and poor facilities presaged was somehow avoided† (Dodgson 523).The percentage of drug induced fans was well over the amount assumed to be present, as was the actual amount of fans. â€Å"Poor planning and happenstance forced them to admit most attendees for free. They were left with a debt of $1. 3 million and a site that cost $100,000 to restore† (Dodgson 523). Woodstock was an event that many wouldn’t have thought to of made history until the actual event happened. The festival is even brought up in history classes during the teaching of the Vietnam War due to the mass amount of fans that were against the war. Many commentators have since claimed that peace and good will arose not in spite of disaster, but because of it. The hunger, rain, mud, and unserviced toilets conspired to create an adversity against which people could unite and bond† (Cooke 178). Most of the fans present expressed how they felt about the war in riots and violence. â€Å"Woodstock Ventures retained its exclusive rights, but the memory of Woodstock Nation belongs to the world; it is irrevocably imbedded in American culture† (Cooke 179). Not only was the war an influence, but the gathering itself influenced the historical outcome. â€Å"The most common feeling among all parties-producers, musicians, audience, town, and nation-was the sense of history in the making. It was the largest group of people ever gathered, and the greatest roster of musicians ever assembled, and it became the defining moment of a generation† (Cooke 178). At the time, teens and young adults were looking for ways to rebel against their religious and strict parents, but in a way that would affect the world in a positive way. Woodstock was, in many ways, a symbolic high point for the 1960s generation, proving that peace and love were possible in the world, if only for a moment† (Berg 863). The war in Vietnam was a huge event that was taking place at the time of Woodstock. Many of the fans that were present, were there to express how the felt about the war. â€Å"The musicians and fans expressed support for social justice and intense opposition to the Vietnam War† (Darity 120). The festival was a way for people to gather and express similar opinions and accept each other.The importance of Woodstock has left a lasting effect on many people from then until now. â€Å"Although in the early 1970s many experts predicted the end of the ‘hippie’ movement, the spirit of Woodstock has both disappeared from the American cultural scene† (Darity 120). The event showed America that as a group, people can bond peacefully and appropriately. â€Å"It wasn’t just the audience of hippies who bonded together in the face of disaster. Community and nation also rushed to their aid. The Red Cross, Girl Scouts, and Boy Scouts all donated food and supplies to the starving hoards.Even local townspeople pardoned the havoc wrought upon their town and made sandwiches for the infiltrators† (Cooke 178). The festival included many artist of the century that weren’t famous at the time, but now can be found in the Rock Hall of Fame. Some of the artists that were present at the festival were, Joan Baez, Blood, Sweat and Tears, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young, the Grateful Dead, Arlo Guthrie, Jimi Hendrix, Jefferson Airplane, Janis Joplin, Ravi Shankar, Sly and the Family Stone, and The Who.The music artists from Woodstock not only left an impact on the fans that attended the event, but effects people from this century and earlier too. â€Å"During the 1990s a second generation of musicians and fans maintained the Woodstock spirit. † â€Å"Since 2002, the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival have occurred every June in Mancheste r, Tennessee† (Darity 120). The music of Woodstock is still played on radios in today’s century and will continue to live on. All in all, Woodstock will always be remembered as those â€Å"three days of peace and music. The event brought together people in a way that none could imagine and taught the world that even for a split second we can all work together peacefully. The musical influences still live on today, and will continue to for more generations to come. Woodstock combined music with peace, love and togetherness in just three days and will always be a part of history. Works Cited 1. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Ed. William A. Darity, Jr.. Vol. 9. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2008.

Aspect Of Contract And Negligence For Business The WritePass Journal

Aspect Of Contract And Negligence For Business Abstract Aspect Of Contract And Negligence For Business ). The first legal element refers to the inclusion of an offer, which indicates one’s willingness to enter into a specific bargain. In this case, an offer is made by Phil, the Chief Executive Officer of Zulu Aviation Ltd. Another important legal element for the formation of a valid contract is associated with acceptance, which should indicate an agreement to the terms initially made. Phil’s offer of  £100,000 for reserving the Airbus 321 has been accepted by Joseph, EMA’s Managing Director. The third significant legal element showing the validity of the discussed contract is the availability of a legal purpose (Knapp et al., 2012). It is clear that the contract’s purpose is legal because it is based on the sale of a second-hand Airbus 321. Furthermore, mutuality of obligation presents a situation in which both parties ensure mutual understanding to the expression and form of their agreement. In other words, a common expectation is that the parties need to agree to the same thing, which is described in the same manner, and at the same time. These legal conditions have been met by both Phil and Joseph. Consideration indicates another essential element for the formation of a valid contract (Poole, 2012). Legal binding needs to be supported by valuable and realistic consideration. In the case study of EMA, Phil ensures his consideration by claiming that he will pay  £100,000 to EMA if the latter promises not to sell the Airbus 321 to another buyer for the period of five days. The importance of these components reflects in the validity and legality of the contract to be established, and if any of these conditions are non-present, it is virtually impossible to form a valid contract (Knapp et al., 2012). Impacts of Different Types of Contract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When discussing the specificity and implications of contract law, it is important to consider the impacts of different types of contract, such as bilateral and unilateral contracts, express and implied contracts, void and voidable contracts, and distance selling contracts (Hillman, 2004). Bilateral contracts are commonly used in daily life, as they represent an agreement between at least two individuals or groups. Unilateral contracts are associated with an action undertaken by one individual or group alone, as this type of contract allows only one individual to involve in making a specific promise or agreement (Elliott and Quinn, 2003). In express contracts, a promise is stated in a clear language, while in implied contracts, the focus is on presenting behaviours or actions which lead parties to believe that a certain agreement exists (Hillman, 2004). Void contracts are contracts that cannot be enforced by either party. According to law, void contracts are perceived as if they had never been established. The main aspect of void contracts refers to a situation where one of the parties performs in an illegal manner (Hillman, 2004). Therefore, void contracts cannot be conducted under the law. An example of void contracts can be found in Dickinson v Dodds [1876], where there is only an offer made and was intended to be an offer solely because it did not result in any legally binding agreement. There was no consideration ensured or promise and thus was judged non-binding. Although in the case of Shuey v US [1875] the revocation is prominent as the offer is, the type of offer is considered non-binding. On the other hand, voidable contracts are based on enforcement and hence they are valid (Elliott and Quinn, 2003). In general, only one of the parties is legally bound to such contracts. Yet, the unbound party has the right to cancel the contract and thus the contract automatically becomes void (Knapp et al., 2012). This implies that voidable contracts represent valid, legal agreements. Distance selling contracts refer to the main responsibility assumed under the law to protect consumers while they conduct shopping activities online. Such regulations also occur in situations where consumers enter into other contracts, as they are at a distance from the supplier (Hillman, 2004). Special protection is ensured to customers on the basis that they are unable to meet directly with the supplier and check the quality of goods and services that are offered for sale. Distance selling regulations have been enforced in the UK since 2000, but it is essential to note that they are inapplicable to contracts between businesses (Elliott and Quinn, 2003). The main legal effect of these regulations is that they enable consumers with the right to receive accurate and proper information about the supplier, including the products and services that are provided for sale. In addition, consumers tend to receive a written confirmation of such information, which makes the regulations credible . There is also a cancellation period of seven working days in which consumers have the right to withdraw from the contract. Individuals receive protection from different forms of fraud associated with the option of using payment cards (Knapp et al., 2012). Case Study of EMA In the case study of EMA, the focus is on determining whether the two parties have formed a valid, legal contract. As previously mentioned, the parties applied each of the essential legal elements for a valid contract, including offer, acceptance, legal purpose, mutuality of obligation, and valuable consideration. The terms of the contract between EMA and Zulu Aviation Ltd are clearly specified. However, it can be argued that the type of contract presented by the two parties is express considering that the promise for forming a legally binding agreement has been stated in a clear language verbally, via phone (Poole, 2012). Despite the precise form of the binding procedure, the validity of such express contract is apparent. There are strictly claimed promises on the behalf of both sides: the first party needs to pay a particular amount of money to guarantee the sale of the Airbus 321; the other needs to keep his promise not to sell the Airbus 321 to another buyer for the next five day s. It can be concluded that such initial conditions of forming a legal contract have been met (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). Simply put, there is an offer followed by an acceptance by EMA’s Managing Director. An example of the complex transaction that took place between EMA and Zulu Aviation Ltd can be found in the case of Byrne v. Van Tienhoven (1880), which presents relevant inferences on the issue of revocation with regards to the postal rule. In the case of EMA and Zulu Aviation Ltd, the phone rule (considering the phone conversation between Phil and Joseph) may not apply in revocation. In other words, while a phone conversation to arrange a contract may simply indicate a valid acceptance, it is most likely that the court will rule that it does not count as proper and valid revocation (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). Moreover, there is a stated legal purpose that legally binds both parties to form a valid agreement. They are focused on keeping their promise, which is an initial requirement for the establishment of a legal contract. It can be indicated that the objective of the contract between EMA and Zulu Aviation Ltd is to achieve a legal purpose. Thus, the condition of a creating a purpose for the existence of a binding contract has been applied in the case (Poole, 2012). The mutuality of obligation is also evident considering the motifs and promises ensured by both sides. There is a strong sense of mutual understanding on the behalf of each party regarding the expression and specificity of their agreement. In addition, there is an objective standard being applied in the case in terms of determining what the parties have precisely said in the process of forming their agreement (Knapp et al., 2012). The fact that the offer is clear and definite is indicative of both parties’ acceptance o f the terms outlined in the offer. There is a valuable consideration illustrated in the statement of Phil, who is ready to pay  £100,000 in case EMA’s Managing Director fulfils his promise. Therefore, this case study illustrates the application of an express contract law (MacMillan and Stone 2012). Implications regarding the Supply of Mobile Phones   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The only specified term in the contract between Key Services Enterprise (KSE) Ltd and Unique Mobile Solutions (UMS) Ltd is that of the provision of 500 mobile telephones, which are suitable for use in the UK. The court will classify these types of contractual terms as intermediate or innominate terms (Poole, 2012). The status of these terms is not clearly defined, as their significance lies between a condition and a warranty. Innominate terms were established in the case of HK Fir Shipping v Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha [1962], where the defendants chartered a ship for the duration of two years from the plaintiffs. In the agreement established between the two parties, there was a specific clause indicating that the ship was suitable for performing cargo service. Due to problems with the engine, 20 weeks of the charter were lost and thus the defendants were entitled to bring an action for damages for breach of contract on the grounds of the clause specified in the agreement (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). Under the circumstance that the use of the telephones supplied was illegal in the UK, and they could not be modified to make their use legal, the court will classify this term as misrepresentation or a false statement made by the mobile phone seller regarding the use of the products. As in the case of Gordon v Selico [1986], it is possible to make a misrepresentation by words or by conduct. However, it should be considered that representation is not a term. Moreover, the telephones supplied required tuning to particular frequencies, a task taking two minutes for each one. This aspect also indicates the presence of innominate terms (Knapp et al., 2012). However, under the circumstance in which the CEO of KSE signed the contract with UMS, there is no reference to any other document. In addition, KSE’s CEO accepted the receipt of the transaction without reading it, which represents a serious mistake that can be identified as negligence in lawful terms. The harm caused by the deci sion of KSE’s CEO to sign a contract with UMS is as a result of his carelessness. There is a failure to behave with the proper level of care required for the described circumstances (Poole, 2012). On the back of the receipt provided by UMS, the statement can be classified by the court as an exclusion clause because the provider of the mobile phones has directly excluded liability for contractual breach. In an attempt to analyse the exclusion clause as a term under the circumstance in which KSE’s CEO accepted the receipt without reading it, specific implications can be drawn. As a term in a contract, an exclusion clause indicates the purpose to limit or restrict the rights of the parties bound to the contract (Hillman, 2004). A true exclusion clause, as in the case of UMS, recognised a potential breach of contract, and then serves as an excuses liability for any potential breach. Therefore, it can be concluded that an exclusion clause was ‘incorporated’ into the contract with KSE. The effect of this term in the contract should be evaluated on the basis of incorporation (Elliott and Quinn, 2003). This means that UMS has actually incorporated an exclusion clause by signature (at the back of the receipt of the transaction provided to KSE). The fact that KSE’s CEO accepted the receipt and signed it means that the respective clause is considered part of the cont ract. Yet, the party representing the clause, UMS, has not taken any reasonable steps to bring it to the close attention of the second party in the contract (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). Applying the legal controls that the court would use in assessing the validity of the term in the contract should refer to principles of strict literal interpretation and contra proferentem (Hillman, 2004). In order an exclusion clause to operate, it needs to cover the breach with an assumption of a potential breach of contract. In case there is a breach of contract, the specific type of liability which is emerging is also relevant in the process of interpretation by the court. There is strict liability involved, which arises as a result of a state of affairs in which the party at breach is not necessarily identified as responsible for the fault (Smits, 2005). However, the court needs to consider the case of liability for negligence, or in other words, liability arising as a result of fault. A common tendency demonstrated by the court would be to require the party which relies on the clause to have drafted it adequately in order to result in a situation where that party is exempted f rom the liability arising (Cauffman, 2013). In the presence of ambiguity, as it might be in the case of KSE and UMS, the court would most probably apply the legal control of strict literal interpretation against the party which extensively relies on the exclusion clause in the contract. In the process of assessing the validity of the exclusion clause in the contract, the court may also apply the legal control of contra proferentem (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). In case ambiguity persists even after attempts have been made to construe an exclusion clause with regards to its natural meaning, the court may decide to apply a rule identified as contra proferentem. This term implies that the clause needs to be construed against the party in the contract that imposed its initial inclusion, respectively UMS. In the context of negligence, the court would most probably take the approach that a party would enter into a contract that permits the second party to evade fault based liability (Cauffman, 2013). Law of Tort Liability in Tort and Contractual Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While discussing certain implications of liability, contrasting liability in tort with contractual liability is important. All activities initiated by individuals as well as organisations are regulated by law. Tort law represents a branch of the civil law, and it should be considered that any dispute in civil law is usually between private parties (Horsey and Rackley, 2011). As indicated in the previous section, strict liability illustrates a solid legal doctrine according to which a party is held responsible for the damages resulting by his or her actions. Strict liability is also applicable to tort law especially in cases involving product liability lawsuits (Okrent, 2014). In the context of tort law, strict liability refers to the process of imposing liability on a party or individual without a particular finding of fault. In case fault is found, the court would determine a situation known as negligence or tortuous intent (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2012). As a result, the plaintiff would need to prove the occurrence of the tort and the implied responsibility of the defendant. The objective of strict liability is to discourage any forms of reckless behaviour as well as irrelevant product development and manufacturing. Therefore, liability in tort refers to the duty of care along with the negligence of that duty. On the other hand, contractual liability is associated with a situation in which two or more parties promise specific things to each other (Okrent, 2014). Liability in tort and contractual liability are similar in the point that they are both civil wrongs, and the individual wronged sues in the court in order to obtain compensation. However, the m ain difference is that in a claim related to liability in tort, the defendant may not have been involved in any previous relationship or transaction with the claimant. On the contrary, in a claim of contractual liability, the main condition that should be met is that the defendant and claimant should be the parties representing the contract (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2012). Case Study of King’s Restaurant   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In an attempt to analyse the situation described in the case study of King’s Restaurant, it appears that it should be considered on the basis of tort of negligence. The claimants in this case, Carlos and Janet, need to prove certain elements to the court so as to provide a valid proof of negligence and claim damages (Okrent, 2014). These elements refer to proving that the restaurant owed them a strict duty of care; the restaurant breached that particular duty of care; and Carlos and Janet suffered damage resulting from the breach. The notion of the duty of care was established in Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] in which the court enforced the decision that an individual may sue another person who caused them loss or damage even in the absence of contractual relationship. Yet, in the case of Carlos and Janet, it needs to be considered that even if the court proves negligence, the restaurant may have a defence that protects it from liabil ity, or decreases the precise amount of damages it is liable for (Horsey and Rackley, 2011). Hence, it can be argued that there is tortuous liability action against the restaurant. There is a breach of a statutory duty in King’s Restaurant case study, as the direct consequence was harming a person, which gives rise to tortuous liability for the restaurant towards Carlos and Janet under the legal doctrine of negligence (Christie et al., 1997). However, the victim should be identified in the class of individuals protected by the statute. Another important condition related to the success of the tort suit is that the injury should be of the specific type that the statute intended to prevent. Thus, the claimants need to prove their claim on specific balance of probabilities. It is also important for Carlos and Janet to show that the damage suffered is not quite remote from the breach (Horsey and Rackley, 2011). It should be assumed that a duty of care existed in this case because King’s Restaurant is identified as an award-winning and very expensive English restaur ant, which directly brings the conclusion that the services provided by the restaurant should be at a superior level. The standard of care should be determined through expert testimony and through the consideration of applicable, professional standards in the industry. The harm in the case is mostly physical, which makes it a sufficient claim for negligence. The problem in the case study can be resolved if Carlos and Janet definitely consider the option of claiming tortuous liability against the restaurant (Christie et al., 1997). Case Study of Angelina and Christian Auctioneers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this case, the legal principles of tort of professional negligence misstatement and vicarious liability can be applied. The tort of professional negligence misstatement refers to representing a fact, which is improperly and carelessly made. This claim is usually relied on by another party and results in their disadvantage (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2012). Vicarious liability presents a doctrine according to which an individual is responsible for the actions of another person because of a special relationship available between the parties, such as the one between an employer and an employee. Angelina has rights and remedies against Brad and Christian Auctioneers in connection with the incorrect advice given to her about the worth of the painting (Okrent, 2014). In the case, Angelina relies on the other party for their expertise, knowledge, and judgment. Moreover, the person who provided advice to Angelina, Brad, knew that the other party w as relying on him and his judgment about the painting. It can be also argued that it was reasonable for Angelina in the presented circumstances to rely on Brad and Christian Auctioneers. Brad on the behalf of his organisation, Christian Auctioneers, has given a negligence misstatement regarding the painting’s value. His judgment was personal rather than professionally based (Hodgson and Lewthwaite, 2012). Angelina’s rights against Brad and Christian Auctioneers are based on the premise of the special relationship established between her and this organisation. In the process of examining the special relationship concept, an example can be observed in the case of Shaddock Associates PTY Ltd v Parramatta City Council [1981], in which a solicitor acting on behalf of Shaddock established contact with the Parramatta City Council to seek advice regarding the potential impact on a property as a result of road widening proposals (Okrent, 2014). The council employees gave the solicitor a negligent misstatement, and as a result, Shaddock purchased the property and significant losses have been suffered. When applying the law in the case of Angelina, duty of care should be established in order to claim for negligence. It is important to consider the question of whether it was reasonably foreseeable that the actions of Brad and Christian Auctioneers would cause harm or loss to Angelina. Fur thermore, it is essential to establish the presence of a physical or factual link between Angelina and Brad and Christian Auctioneers. It can be deduced that their relationship was physical considering that Angelina approached the company to give her a valuation of some antique furniture present at her flat (Christie et al., 1997). The court would also need to determine the vulnerability of the plaintiff, and it can be indicated that the vulnerability to Angelina was high because she was relying on Brad and Christian Auctioneers for their professional advice in order to make a sound decision (Horsey and Rackley, 2011). The court would need to consider the actual damages caused. Considering that Angelina sold a valuable painting of Rembrandt for only  £100 is indicative of the losses she suffered due to the incorrect advice given to her. Moreover, the principle of vicarious liability could also refer to this case (Horsey and Rackley, 2011). Vicarious liability is applicable because liability is attributed to Christian Auctioneers that has a responsibility for its employee, Brad, who negligently causes a loss to Angelina because of the incorrect advice provided to her. In other words, the employer is responsible for the actions of the employee. Therefore, this form of strict liability can be imposed on Christian Auctioneers due to the negligent conduct of its employees in the case of Angelina (Okrent, 2014). Possible Defences Available to Christian Auctioneers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There could be possible defences available to Christian Auctioneers. Such defences are mainly based on the assumption whether there is a contractual relationship between the parties (Okrent, 2014). An example of this aspect can be found in the case of Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd [1994], emphasising a statement of responsibility by an individual providing professional services along with reliance by the individual for whom the services were provided. Therefore, in the case of Angelina, it can be deduced that there was no special, contractual relationship between the parties (Christie et al., 1997). Angelina sought a free valuation, which may imply that there would not be liability for such type of information. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper discussed essential aspects of contract law and tort law. The first part of the paper focused on describing the elements comprising a valid, legal contract along with differentiating the effects of common contracts (MacMillan and Stone, 2012). Details from two case studies were provided, namely from East Midlands Airways Airbus case and the case involving the supply of mobile phones. Important issues pertaining to contract law were discussed with the application of relevant law. The second part of the paper emphasised important principles of tort law by differentiating liability in tort and contractual liability. Negligence liability was discussed with regards to the case study of King’s Restaurant. Specific details about tort of professional negligence misstatement and vicarious liability were provided in the case study of Angelina and Christian Auctioneers (Okrent, 2014). 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